{"id":208,"date":"2017-04-19T08:09:40","date_gmt":"2017-04-19T05:09:40","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.istesaglikdergisi.com.tr\/index.php\/2017\/04\/19\/gunumuzun-ana-akim-modeli-guvencesiz-istihdam\/"},"modified":"2020-10-10T09:24:21","modified_gmt":"2020-10-10T06:24:21","slug":"gunumuzun-ana-akim-modeli-guvencesiz-istihdam","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"http:\/\/www.istesaglikdergisi.com.tr\/index.php\/2017\/04\/19\/gunumuzun-ana-akim-modeli-guvencesiz-istihdam\/","title":{"rendered":"G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fcz\u00fcn Ana Ak\u0131m Modeli G\u00fcvencesiz \u0130stihdam"},"content":{"rendered":"

G\u00fcven SAVUL<\/strong>
\nT\u00dcRK-\u0130\u015e AB Uzman\u0131<\/strong><\/p>\n

G\u00fcvencesiz istihdam; \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmaya ihtiya\u00e7 duyan ki\u015fiyi korumayan, \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan\u0131n belli bir sendika kurumundan yararlanamayaca\u011f\u0131, hakk\u0131n\u0131 arayamayaca\u011f\u0131 bir istihdam edilme \u015feklidir. G\u00fcvencesiz bir \u015fekilde istihdam edilen i\u015f\u00e7i; i\u015fyerinde \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma yerinde motivasyon kayb\u0131 ya\u015fayabilir ve ayr\u0131mc\u0131l\u0131kla kar\u015f\u0131la\u015fabilir. Ayn\u0131 zamanda bir\u00e7ok i\u015f ve insan ile ilgilenmek durumundad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

G\u00fcvencesiz istihdam kavram\u0131n\u0131n k\u00f6kleri, yirminci y\u00fczy\u0131lda \u00f6zellikle ileri kapitalist \u00fclkeler temelinde egemen olan ve standart olarak adland\u0131r\u0131lan istihdam modelinin, 1980\u2019lerin ba\u015f\u0131ndan itibaren kapitalizmin devaml\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flamak i\u00e7in gerek duyulan d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcmlerle ba\u011flant\u0131l\u0131 olarak standart d\u0131\u015f\u0131 istihdam bi\u00e7imlerine d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcm\u00fcne dayan\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Daha yal\u0131n bir ifadeyle g\u00fcvencesiz istihdam ve standart d\u0131\u015f\u0131 istihdam edilme bi\u00e7imleri aras\u0131nda g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc bir ba\u011flant\u0131 vard\u0131r. G\u00fcvencesiz istihdam\u0131n \u00f6nc\u00fcl tan\u0131mlamas\u0131n\u0131n 1985 y\u0131l\u0131nda yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015f olmas\u0131, yukar\u0131da s\u00f6z\u00fc edilen d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcmle ili\u015fkisini kan\u0131tlar niteliktedir.<\/p>\n

Gerry Rodgers g\u00fcvencesiz istihdam\u0131n \u00e7ok boyutlu bir kavramsal niteli\u011fe sahip oldu\u011funu vurgulay\u0131p, yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 tan\u0131mlamay\u0131 d\u00f6rt ana ba\u015fl\u0131k alt\u0131nda toplam\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Rodgers\u2019e g\u00f6re g\u00fcvencesiz istihdam \u015fu nitelikleri bar\u0131nd\u0131r\u0131r:<\/p>\n

\u2022 Zamansal Boyut: \u0130stihdam devaml\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00fczerindeki belirlilik derecesi \u00f6nemlidir. Bu durum, s\u00f6zle\u015fmeli i\u015f ili\u015fkisini ve istihdam s\u00fcresini esas al\u0131rken zamansal boyutun \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fclmesinde kilit rol almaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

\u2022 \u00d6rg\u00fctsel Boyut: \u0130\u015f\u00e7ilerin, i\u015f \u00fczerindeki bireysel veya toplu kontrol\u00fc \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma ko\u015fullar\u0131, \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma zaman\u0131, vardiya ve \u00e7izelgeler, i\u015f y\u00fck\u00fc ve yo\u011funlu\u011fu, \u00f6deme, sa\u011fl\u0131k ve g\u00fcvenlik ko\u015fullar\u0131ndaki yetersizlikler.<\/p>\n

\u2022 \u0130ktisadi Boyut: Yeterli \u00f6deme ve \u00fccret art\u0131\u015f\u0131n\u0131n olmamas\u0131.<\/p>\n

\u2022 Sosyal Boyut: Adil olmayan i\u015ften \u00e7\u0131karmaya, ayr\u0131m veya geleneksel koruma \u00f6nlemlerinin olmamas\u0131, sa\u011fl\u0131\u011f\u0131, i\u015f kazalar\u0131n\u0131 ve i\u015fsizlik sigortas\u0131n\u0131 i\u00e7eren sosyal g\u00fcvenlik \u00f6demelerine, faydalar\u0131na ula\u015fan sosyal bir koruma sisteminin olmamas\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Bu noktada g\u00fcvencesiz istihdam kavram\u0131ndan salt i\u015f g\u00fcvenli\u011fi veya i\u015f g\u00fcvencesinin olmamas\u0131 anlam\u0131 \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lmamal\u0131d\u0131r. Yukar\u0131daki tan\u0131mlamada da g\u00f6r\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fc gibi g\u00fcvencesiz istihdam, \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma ya\u015fam\u0131nda \u00e7al\u0131\u015fanlar i\u00e7in olmazsa olmaz olarak adland\u0131r\u0131labilecek iktisadi ve sosyal haklar\u0131n ortadan kalkt\u0131\u011f\u0131 veya kald\u0131r\u0131lmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 istihdam ko\u015fullar\u0131n\u0131 tan\u0131mlayan bir \u00fcst kavramsalla\u015ft\u0131rma olarak de\u011ferlendirilmelidir. Di\u011fer bir ifadeyle g\u00fcvencesiz istihdam farkl\u0131 bile\u015fenlerin toplam etkisidir. G\u00fcvencesiz istihdam ko\u015fullar\u0131, istihdam edilme durumu i\u00e7inde bir\u00e7ok olumsuz sonucu ortaya \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131rken, s\u00f6z\u00fc edilen olumsuz durumlar\u0131n bir sonraki a\u015famas\u0131 i\u015fsiz kalmakt\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Talep Kontrol Modeli ve \u201c\u0130\u015f Gerilimi\u201d Kavram\u0131<\/strong><\/p>\n

Karasek ve Theorel taraf\u0131ndan geli\u015ftirilen \u0130\u015f Talep Kontrol Modeli ve bununla ba\u011flant\u0131l\u0131 i\u015f geriliminin, standart istihdam ko\u015fullar\u0131n\u0131n hen\u00fcz d\u00f6n\u00fc\u015f\u00fcme u\u011framaya ba\u015flad\u0131\u011f\u0131 d\u00f6neme ait oldu\u011fu belirtilir. \u0130\u015f gerilimi kavram\u0131 i\u015f \u00f6rg\u00fctlenmesiyle ba\u011flant\u0131l\u0131, \u00fccretli i\u015f ve sa\u011fl\u0131k sorunlar\u0131na, i\u015fyeri seviyesinde odaklan\u0131r. Modele g\u00f6re i\u015f geriliminin \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma ortam\u0131nda iki ana boyutu vard\u0131r. Bu iki ana boyut psikolojik talepler ve kontrold\u00fcr. \u0130\u015f\u00e7ilerden y\u00fcksek taleplerde bulunulmas\u0131na ra\u011fmen i\u015f\u00e7ilerin i\u015f \u00fczerindeki kontrolleri d\u00fc\u015f\u00fckse, i\u015f\u00e7iler i\u015f gerilimine maruz kalmaktad\u0131rlar. Talep Kontrol Modeli\u2019nin \u00f6z\u00fc k\u0131saca budur. \u0130\u015f\u00e7inin karar verme becerisini belirleyen yetki ve i\u015f\u00e7i taraf\u0131ndan i\u015fte kullan\u0131lan becerilerin geni\u015fli\u011fi olarak, ifade edilen iki bile\u015fen i\u015f kontrol\u00fcn\u00fcn bile\u015fenleri olarak adland\u0131r\u0131l\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Yap\u0131lan ara\u015ft\u0131rmalar sonucunda, i\u015f geriliminin yorgunluk, depresyon, d\u00fc\u015f\u00fck i\u015f memnuniyeti ve kardiyo vask\u00fcler hastal\u0131klar\u0131n da i\u00e7inde oldu\u011fu stres ba\u011flant\u0131l\u0131 hastal\u0131klara neden oldu\u011fu ortaya \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Lewchuk ve di\u011ferleri \u0130\u015f Talep Kontrol Modeli\u2019nin; istihdam\u0131n kendisine ili\u015fkin sorunlar\u0131 g\u00f6rmedi\u011fini, sorunlar\u0131 i\u015fyeri merkezli bir bak\u0131\u015f a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131yla \u00e7\u00f6zmeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131ndan dolay\u0131 sorunlu oldu\u011funu vurgulamaktad\u0131r. \u0130stihdam edilme ve sa\u011fl\u0131k aras\u0131ndaki ili\u015fkinin \u00f6nemsenmemesi, insanlar\u0131n ne \u015fekilde istihdam ili\u015fkisine girdikleri ve istihdam edilmeyi devam ettirmek i\u00e7in nas\u0131l bir \u00e7aba i\u00e7inde olduklar\u0131n\u0131n g\u00f6rmezden gelinmesi, ayr\u0131ca i\u015fin s\u00fcresinin ve i\u015f \u015fartlar\u0131n\u0131n \u00e7al\u0131\u015fanlar taraf\u0131ndan nas\u0131l m\u00fczakere edildi\u011fine de\u011finilmemesi Talep Kontrol Modeli\u2019nin eksikleri olarak s\u0131ralan\u0131r. G\u00fcvencesiz istihdam\u0131n sa\u011fl\u0131k \u00fczerinde yaratt\u0131\u011f\u0131 etkiyi anlamak i\u00e7in istihdam ili\u015fkisinin kendisine yeniden odaklan\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131n gerekli oldu\u011fu vurgulan\u0131r.<\/p>\n

Standart istihdam modelinde i\u015fyerinde sendikan\u0131n olmas\u0131 \u00f6nemlidir. Sendikan\u0131n olu\u015fu i\u015f\u00e7ilerin yapt\u0131klar\u0131 i\u015f \u00fczerindeki kontrollerinin g\u00f6receli olarak daha fazla olmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flar. Ayr\u0131ca k\u0131dem haklar\u0131nda, \u00fccretlerin belirlenmesinde ve sosyal yard\u0131mlar\u0131n d\u00fczenlenmesinde i\u015f\u00e7ilerin daha \u00e7ok s\u00f6z sahibi olmas\u0131 ko\u015fullar\u0131 daha g\u00fcvenceli hale getirir. Fakat g\u00fcvencesiz istihdam ko\u015fullar\u0131nda; yukar\u0131da s\u00f6z\u00fc edilen haklar\u0131n \u00e7o\u011funun olmamas\u0131, olumsuz \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma ve k\u00f6t\u00fc sa\u011fl\u0131k ko\u015fullar\u0131na yol a\u00e7ar.<\/p>\n

\u0130stihdam Gerilimi Modeli, \u0130\u015f Talep Kontrol\u00fc Modeli\u2019nin yetersizlikleri dolay\u0131s\u0131yla kavramsalla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. \u0130stihdam Gerilimi Modeli, istihdam ili\u015fkisinin tamam\u0131na odaklan\u0131r ve bu nedenle de daha b\u00fct\u00fcnsel bir bak\u0131\u015f a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131 sa\u011flad\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in \u00f6nemli g\u00f6r\u00fcl\u00fcr. \u0130stihdam Gerilimi Modeli\u2019nin \u00fcretim ili\u015fkileri temelli bir \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcmleme i\u00e7in daha uygun bir kavramsal \u00e7er\u00e7eve sundu\u011fu belirtilebilir.<\/p>\n

\u0130stihdam Gerilimi Modeli<\/strong><\/p>\n

\u0130stihdam Gerilimi Modeli\u2019nde i\u015f\u00e7inin herhangi bir i\u015fyerine ba\u011fl\u0131 kalmaks\u0131z\u0131n, g\u00fcvencesiz istihdam ko\u015fullar\u0131 nedeniyle istihdam ili\u015fkisinin b\u00fct\u00fcn\u00fcnde \u00e7e\u015fitli risklerle kar\u015f\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131ya kald\u0131\u011f\u0131 varsay\u0131l\u0131r. \u0130stihdam g\u00fcvensizli\u011finin i\u015f\u00e7ilerin sa\u011fl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 her ge\u00e7en g\u00fcn daha fazla etkilemesi, \u0130stihdam Gerilimi Modeli\u2019nin kavramsalla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lma noktas\u0131 olarak ifade edilmektedir.<\/p>\n

Lewchuk ve di\u011ferleri 20032006 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131nda kaleme ald\u0131klar\u0131 makalelerde \u0130stihdam Gerilimi Modeli\u2019ni farkl\u0131 ba\u015fl\u0131klar alt\u0131nda fakat benzer i\u00e7eriklere sahip kavramlarla ele alm\u0131\u015flard\u0131r. Konuya ili\u015fkin yap\u0131lan en son de\u011ferlendirme temel al\u0131nd\u0131\u011f\u0131nda istihdam gerilimin d\u00f6rt bile\u015feni oldu\u011fu ifade edilir. Bunlar; \u0130stihdam \u0130li\u015fkisi, \u0130stihdam \u0130li\u015fkisi \u0130\u015f y\u00fck\u00fc, \u0130stihdam \u0130li\u015fkisi Deste\u011fi, Hane Halk\u0131 G\u00fcvensizli\u011fi\u2019dir.<\/p>\n

\u0130stihdam ili\u015fkisi belirsizli\u011fi, istihdam\u0131n geriliminin kontrol boyutunu olu\u015fturmaktad\u0131r. Yani i\u015fe ula\u015fma \u00fczerindeki kontrol; i\u015fin nerede ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirildi\u011fi, \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma \u00e7izelgesi, \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma s\u00fcresi ve \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma ko\u015fullar\u0131n\u0131n belirlenmesi gibi de\u011fi\u015fkenlerden olu\u015fur. \u0130stihdam belirsizli\u011fi, kazan\u00e7 belirsizli\u011fi ve \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma program\u0131 belirsizli\u011fi istihdam ili\u015fkisi belirsizli\u011finin \u00fc\u00e7 bile\u015fenidir.<\/p>\n

\u0130stihdam ili\u015fkisi i\u015f y\u00fck\u00fc, i\u015f geriliminin \u00e7aba boyutunu olu\u015fturur. Bu \u00e7aba; birden fazla i\u015fyerinde \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmak ve farkl\u0131 i\u015fverenlerden gelen farkl\u0131 talepleri kar\u015f\u0131lamak i\u00e7in verileni belirtir. G\u00fcvencesiz istihdam ko\u015fullar\u0131nda \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan i\u015f\u00e7iler, birden \u00e7ok i\u015fte \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmak zorunda olduklar\u0131 i\u00e7in farkl\u0131 i\u015fyerlerinde farkl\u0131 i\u015f arkada\u015flar\u0131, farkl\u0131 \u00fcst denet\u00e7ilerle d\u00fczenli bir \u015fekilde ileti\u015fim kurmak zorunda kal\u0131rlar.<\/p>\n

\u0130\u015f\u00e7ilerin s\u00fcrekli olarak tav\u0131rlar\u0131 ve performanslar\u0131 de\u011ferlendirilir, bu da i\u015f\u00e7ilerin i\u015fe devam etmeleri a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan \u00fczerlerinde bask\u0131 olu\u015fturur. \u0130\u015f\u00e7iler i\u00e7inde bulunduklar\u0131 ili\u015fkisinin ge\u00e7ici do\u011fas\u0131ndan dolay\u0131 i\u015fverenleri ve i\u015f arkada\u015flar\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan uygulanan ayr\u0131mc\u0131l\u0131k ve tacizle daha fazla kar\u015f\u0131la\u015fabilirler.<\/p>\n

G\u00fcvencesiz istihdam ko\u015fullar\u0131nda \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan i\u015f\u00e7iler i\u00e7in i\u015fe devam etmenin belirsizlik derecesi y\u00fcksek oldu\u011fundan bu, istihdam ili\u015fkisi deste\u011fini etkileyecektir. \u0130stihdam ili\u015fkisi deste\u011fi; mesleki destekle, i\u015f\u00e7inin stres alt\u0131nda oldu\u011fu zamanda i\u015f\u00e7iye yard\u0131m edilip edilmemesiyle, sendikan\u0131n varl\u0131\u011f\u0131yla ve sendikan\u0131n i\u015f\u00e7ilere yeterli deste\u011fi sa\u011flay\u0131p sa\u011flayamamas\u0131yla ilgilidir.<\/p>\n

Hane halk\u0131 g\u00fcvensizli\u011finde; g\u00fcvencesiz istihdam edilme sonucunda ortaya \u00e7\u0131kan sorunlar yaln\u0131zca \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan ki\u015fiyi de\u011fil, ayn\u0131 zamanda s\u00f6z konusu i\u015f\u00e7iye ba\u011fl\u0131 olan hane halk\u0131n\u0131 da etkilemektedir. G\u00fcvencesiz istihdam\u0131n hane halk\u0131n\u0131 nas\u0131l etkiledi\u011fini anlamak i\u00e7in geli\u015ftirilen hane halk\u0131 g\u00fcvencesizli\u011fi kavram\u0131; i\u015f\u00e7ilerin bireysel ve hane halk\u0131 geliriyle, hane halk\u0131nda 18 ya\u015f\u0131ndan k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck \u00e7ocuklar\u0131n olup olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 konusuna yo\u011funla\u015f\u0131r.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

G\u00fcven SAVUL T\u00dcRK-\u0130\u015e AB Uzman\u0131 G\u00fcvencesiz istihdam; \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmaya ihtiya\u00e7 duyan ki\u015fiyi korumayan, \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan\u0131n belli bir<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":418,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":[],"categories":[7],"tags":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"http:\/\/www.istesaglikdergisi.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/208"}],"collection":[{"href":"http:\/\/www.istesaglikdergisi.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"http:\/\/www.istesaglikdergisi.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/www.istesaglikdergisi.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/www.istesaglikdergisi.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=208"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"http:\/\/www.istesaglikdergisi.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/208\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":443,"href":"http:\/\/www.istesaglikdergisi.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/208\/revisions\/443"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/www.istesaglikdergisi.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/418"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"http:\/\/www.istesaglikdergisi.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=208"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/www.istesaglikdergisi.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=208"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/www.istesaglikdergisi.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=208"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}