D\u00fcnyada oldu\u011fu gibi T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de de\u00a0sanayile\u015fme ve makinele\u015fme ile birlikte tar\u0131mda\u00a0da yap\u0131sal de\u011fi\u015fimler meydana gelmektedir.\u00a0Makinele\u015fme bir yandan i\u015flenmeyen\u00a0topraklar\u0131n kullan\u0131ma a\u00e7\u0131lmas\u0131 ile\u00a0tar\u0131m yap\u0131lan alanlar\u0131n geni\u015flemesine neden\u00a0olurken, bir yandan da n\u00fcfus art\u0131\u015f\u0131 ve\u00a0miras yoluyla arazilerin par\u00e7alanmas\u0131na ve\u00a0bunun sonucu olarak da tar\u0131m i\u015fletmelerinin\u00a0par\u00e7alan\u0131p \u00a0k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fclmesine neden olmaktad\u0131r<\/p>\n
Nitekim 1952 y\u0131l\u0131nda 77 dekar\u00a0olan ortalama i\u015fletme b\u00fcy\u00fckl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc, 1980 y\u0131l\u0131nda\u00a062 dekara ve en son yap\u0131lan 1991\u00a0Genel Tar\u0131m Say\u0131m\u0131 Sonu\u00e7lar\u0131na g\u00f6re de\u00a057,7 dekara d\u00fc\u015fm\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. Giderek k\u00fc\u00e7\u00fclen\u00a0ve ekonomik olmaktan \u00e7\u0131kan i\u015fletme b\u00fcy\u00fckl\u00fcklerinin\u00a0yan\u0131nda bir de topraks\u0131z aileler\u00a0bulunmaktad\u0131r. T\u00fcrkiye tar\u0131m\u0131nda\u00a0yer alan ailelerin % 30,2 si ise topraks\u0131zd\u0131r.\u00a0Bunlar ya tar\u0131m i\u015f\u00e7ili\u011fi ya da kirac\u0131l\u0131k\/ortak\u00e7\u0131l\u0131k\u00a0yaparak ge\u00e7im sa\u011flamaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n
Kendi tar\u0131m i\u015fletmelerinden yeterli geliri\u00a0elde edemeyen az toprakl\u0131 veya topraks\u0131z\u00a0aileler, ge\u00e7imlerini sa\u011flayabilmek ve\u00a0\u00e7al\u0131\u015fabilmek amac\u0131yla daha fazla tar\u0131msal\u00a0i\u015f olana\u011f\u0131 bulunan y\u00f6relere gezici (mevsimlik)\u00a0ve\/veya ge\u00e7ici (g\u00fcn\u00fcbirlik) giderek\u00a0i\u015f aramaktad\u0131r. \u00d6zellikle pamuk, f\u0131nd\u0131k,\u00a0\u00e7ay, t\u00fct\u00fcn, \u00fcz\u00fcm, havu\u00e7 ve \u015fekerpancar\u0131\u00a0tar\u0131m\u0131n\u0131n yo\u011fun olarak yap\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00c7ukurova,Karadeniz, Ege ve i\u00e7 Anadolu B\u00f6lgelerine;\u00a0bu bitkilerin \u00e7apa, sulama ve hasat\u00a0zamanlar\u0131nda Do\u011fu ve G\u00fcneydo\u011fu Anadolu\u00a0ile Orta Anadolu b\u00f6lgelerinden y\u00fczbinlerce\u00a0gezici ve\/veya ge\u00e7ici tar\u0131m i\u015f\u00e7isinin\u00a0aileleri ile birlikte ak\u0131n etti\u011fi g\u00f6r\u00fclmektedir.\u00a0Bu i\u015f\u00e7iler “g\u00fcn\u00fcbirlik” (ge\u00e7ici)\u00a0ya da “mevsimlik” (gezici) i\u015f\u00e7i diye isimlendirilmektedir.\u00a0\u0130\u015fg\u00fcc\u00fcn\u00fcn yakla\u015f\u0131k y\u00fczde\u00a025\u2019nin istihdam edildi\u011fi tar\u0131m sekt\u00f6r\u00fcnde,\u00a0\u00f6zellikle gezici i\u015f\u00e7i olarak \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan\u00a0grup, tar\u0131m\u0131n kendine \u00f6zg\u00fc niteliklerinden\u00a0dolay\u0131 olduk\u00e7a a\u011f\u0131r ko\u015fullarda \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n
Genellikle i\u015fleyecek topra\u011f\u0131 bulunmayan,\u00a0yetersiz topra\u011fa sahip olan ya da \u00e7e\u015fitli\u00a0nedenlerle bu topraklar\u0131 i\u015fleyemeyen\u00a0aileler, tar\u0131msal i\u015fg\u00fcc\u00fc talebi yo\u011fun olan\u00a0yerlere giderek, gezici veya ge\u00e7ici olarak\u00a0\u00e7al\u0131\u015fmaktad\u0131rlar. Bu i\u015f\u00e7ilerin say\u0131s\u0131 konusunda\u00a0g\u00fcvenilir bir istatistik veri, ulusal\u00a0d\u00fczeyde bulunmamaktad\u0131r. Tar\u0131m i\u015flerinin\u00a0\u00f6zelli\u011fi gere\u011fi mevsimsel iklim ko\u015fullar\u0131,\u00a0teknoloji kullan\u0131m d\u00fczeyi gibi unsurlar\u0131n\u00a0yan\u0131 s\u0131ra \u00fclkenin i\u00e7inde bulundu\u011fu\u00a0ekonomik konjonkt\u00fcr hareketleri de mevsimlik\u00a0gezici tar\u0131m i\u015f\u00e7ilerinin say\u0131lar\u0131nda\u00a0de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011fe yol a\u00e7abilmektedir.<\/p>\n
\u00c7al\u0131\u015fma Ko\u015fullar\u0131n\u0131 \u0130yile\u015ftirmeye\u00a0Y\u00f6nelik Ad\u0131mlar<\/strong><\/p>\n Mevsimlik gezici tar\u0131m i\u015f\u00e7ilerinin zor\u00a0ko\u015fullarda \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131klar\u0131 bilinen bir ger\u00e7ektir.\u00a0\u0130\u015f\u00e7iler, i\u00e7inde bulunduklar\u0131 \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma ve\u00a0sosyal hayat ko\u015fullar\u0131 ile e\u011fitim d\u00fczeyleri\u00a0ve \u00f6rg\u00fctlenme gibi alanlarda asgari standartlar\u0131\u00a0elde edebilecek durumda de\u011fildirler.\u00a0Mevsimlik gezici tar\u0131m i\u015f\u00e7ilerinin\u00a0sorunlar\u0131; e\u011fitim, sa\u011fl\u0131k, ula\u015f\u0131m, g\u00fcvenlik,\u00a0bar\u0131nma, sosyal \u00e7evreyle ili\u015fkiler, i\u015f ve sosyalg\u00fcvenlik vb. gibi \u00e7ok boyutlu niteliktedir.\u00a0Bu \u00f6zelli\u011fi itibariyle, \u00e7ok say\u0131da kurum\u00a0ve kurulu\u015f taraf\u0131ndan b\u00fct\u00fcnsel yakla\u015f\u0131mdan\u00a0uzak bir bi\u00e7imde, kendi g\u00f6rev\u00a0alanlar\u0131na giren konularda mevzuat d\u00fczenlemeleri\u00a0yap\u0131lmas\u0131, sorunlara k\u00f6kten ve\u00a0b\u00fct\u00fcnc\u00fcl \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcm getirilmesini sa\u011flayamamaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n Bu nedenle, uygulamada norm ve\u00a0standard\u0131n sa\u011flanmas\u0131, kamu kurum ve\u00a0kurulu\u015flar\u0131 aras\u0131nda i\u015fbirli\u011fi sa\u011flanmas\u0131 ve\u00a0etkin ve verimli hizmet sunulmas\u0131 amac\u0131yla\u00a024.03.2010 tarihinde 2010\/6 say\u0131l\u0131\u00a0Ba\u015fbakanl\u0131k Genelgesi y\u00fcr\u00fcrl\u00fc\u011fe konulmu\u015ftur.\u00a0Ayr\u0131ca, \u00c7al\u0131\u015fma ve Sosyal G\u00fcvenlik\u00a0Bakanl\u0131\u011f\u0131nca t\u00fcm taraflar\u0131n kat\u0131l\u0131m\u0131 ile\u00a0bir eylem plan\u0131 haz\u0131rlanm\u0131\u015f, Ba\u015fbakanl\u0131k\u00a0genelgesinin ve eylem plan\u0131n\u0131n uygulanmas\u0131n\u0131\u00a0takip ve koordinasyonun sa\u011flanmas\u0131\u00a0amac\u0131yla Bakanl\u0131k b\u00fcnyesinde “Mevsimlik\u00a0Gezici Tar\u0131m \u0130\u015f\u00e7ileri \u0130zleme Kurulu\u201d\u00a0olu\u015fturulmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n Mevsimlik i\u015f\u00e7ilerin \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma ve sosyal\u00a0g\u00fcvenlik sorunlar\u0131n\u0131; i\u015f ve sosyal sigorta\u00a0kapsam\u0131 d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda say\u0131lmalar\u0131, \u00fccretlerin d\u00fc\u015f\u00fckl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc\u00a0ve alacaklar\u0131 \u00fccretlerde anla\u015fmazl\u0131klar,\u00a0i\u015f kazalar\u0131 ile ila\u00e7 zehirlenmelerine\u00a0kar\u015f\u0131 g\u00fcvencesizlik, sa\u011fl\u0131k hizmetlerine\u00a0ula\u015f\u0131mda yetersizlikler, \u00e7ocuk ve kad\u0131n\u00a0\u00e7al\u0131\u015fma yasaklar\u0131na uymama \u015feklinde s\u0131ralayabiliriz.<\/p>\n E\u011fitim ve Bilgi Eksikli\u011fi<\/strong><\/p>\n \u00c7al\u0131\u015fmak zorunda olan her birey i\u00e7inde\u00a0bulundu\u011fu sosyal \u00e7evre taraf\u0131ndan tan\u0131n\u0131r.\u00a0Genellikle ayn\u0131 meslek mensuplar\u0131\u00a0ile birlikte oturmaktan, ayn\u0131 ya\u015fam bi\u00e7imini\u00a0ve sosyal de\u011ferleri payla\u015fmaktan do\u011fan\u00a0tinsel ve \u00f6zdeksel yak\u0131nl\u0131klar\u0131 \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma\u00a0\u00e7a\u011f\u0131na gelen hemen hemen her bireyi \u00e7o\u011funlu\u011fun\u00a0e\u011filimlerine uymaya zorlar. Gezici\u00a0ve ge\u00e7ici i\u015f\u00e7i aileleri, gezerek ve zaman\u0131n\u00a0ko\u015fullar\u0131na ba\u011fl\u0131 olarak i\u015f bulma\u00a0konusunda deneyimlerini geli\u015ftirdiklerini\u00a0ve giri\u015fimlerini duruma g\u00f6re y\u00f6nlendirdiklerini\u00a0belirtmi\u015flerdir.<\/p>\n \u00d6zellikle gezici i\u015f\u00e7iler kar\u015f\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131ya bulunduklar\u0131\u00a0t\u00fcm zorluklar\u0131 ve engelleri,\u00a0meslek yap\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n bir gere\u011fi oldu\u011funa\u00a0inanm\u0131\u015flard\u0131r. \u00c7ok zor ko\u015fullara kar\u015f\u0131n ayn\u0131\u00a0a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131kta ve \u015fiddette durumlar\u0131ndan \u015fikayet\u00e7i\u00a0olmamalar\u0131 da bir ba\u015fka ilgin\u00e7\u00a0y\u00f6nlerini yans\u0131tmaktad\u0131r. Ya\u015fad\u0131klar\u0131 ve\u00a0i\u00e7inde bulunduklar\u0131 durumu bir ya\u015fam bi\u00e7imi\u00a0ve meslek t\u00fcr\u00fc olarak kabullenmi\u015flerdir.\u00a0B\u00f6yle bir topluma ait olarak do\u011fan\u00a0ve t\u00fcm ili\u015fkileri-\u00f6zellikle gezici ve ge\u00e7ici\u00a0i\u015f\u00e7i topluluklar\u0131yla s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131 olan her birey,\u00a0gerek i\u00e7inde bulundu\u011fu toplumun ko\u015fullar\u0131\u00a0gerekse \u00e7evreyi a\u015facak e\u011fitim d\u00fczeyine\u00a0sahip olunamamas\u0131 nedeniyle ayn\u0131 ko\u015fullar\u0131\u00a0kabullenmek ve ya\u015famak zorunda\u00a0kal\u0131r. Ko\u015fullar\u0131n bi\u00e7imlendirdi\u011fi bu ya\u015fam,\u00a0bireye yazg\u0131 olarak yans\u0131r. \u00c7o\u011fu zaman\u00a0i\u00e7inde bulundu\u011fu k\u0131s\u0131rd\u00f6ng\u00fcy\u00fc k\u0131racak\u00a0g\u00fcc\u00fc kendisinde bulamaz ve ba\u015fka de\u011ferlerle\u00a0pek az tan\u0131\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan ya\u015fam bi\u00e7imini\u00a0de\u011fi\u015ftirmeyi d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnemez.<\/p>\n Kad\u0131n \u0130\u015f\u00e7ilerin Durumu\u00a0<\/strong><\/p>\n \u00dcretimin her a\u015famas\u0131na aktif bir bi\u00e7imde\u00a0kat\u0131lan kad\u0131nlar, kalk\u0131nman\u0131n olanaklar\u0131ndan\u00a0yeterli pay alamad\u0131klar\u0131 gibi,\u00a0yoksulluktan da d\u00fcnyada en fazla etkilenenler\u00a0aras\u0131nda yer almaktad\u0131r. \u0130\u015fsizli\u011fin\u00a0yayg\u0131n, e\u011fitim ve sa\u011fl\u0131k hizmetlerinin s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131\u00a0ve dengesiz da\u011f\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 az geli\u015fmi\u015f veya\u00a0geli\u015fmekte olan \u00fclkelerde k\u0131rsal alanlardaki\u00a0kad\u0131n\u0131n durumu, konumu ve sorunlar\u0131\u00a0ise daha dikkat \u00e7ekicidir. K\u0131rsal alandaki\u00a0kad\u0131n i\u00e7in, \u00fcretim ve ev i\u015flerinin birlikte\u00a0yap\u0131lmas\u0131, e\u011fitim d\u00fczeyinin ve toplumsal\u00a0stat\u00fcn\u00fcn d\u00fc\u015f\u00fckl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc, \u00f6rg\u00fctlenmenin sa\u011flanamamas\u0131,\u00a0k\u0131smi \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma olanaklar\u0131n\u0131n\u00a0bulunmamas\u0131 ve ba\u015fta sosyal g\u00fcvenlik olmak\u00a0\u00fczere \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma ya\u015fam\u0131 ile ilgili yasal\u00a0mevzuattaki eksiklikler, \u00f6nemli sorunlar\u00a0olarak ortaya \u00e7\u0131kmaktad\u0131r. Bu grup i\u00e7erisinde\u00a0kad\u0131n i\u015f\u00e7iler y\u00fcklenmek durumunda\u00a0ald\u0131klar\u0131 sorumluluklar\u0131ndan dolay\u0131,\u00a0daha da a\u011f\u0131r ko\u015fullarla kar\u015f\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131yad\u0131r.<\/p>\n Gezici veya ge\u00e7ici konumda \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan\u00a0kad\u0131n tar\u0131m i\u015f\u00e7ileri tar\u0131msal u\u011fra\u015f\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n\u00a0yan\u0131 s\u0131ra, ev i\u00e7i rolleri a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan da a\u011f\u0131r bir\u00a0sorumluluk alt\u0131ndad\u0131r. Bir yandan ailenin\u00a0g\u00fcnl\u00fck ya\u015fam gereksinimlerini yerine getirmeye\u00a0\u00e7al\u0131\u015fan bu kad\u0131n i\u015f\u00e7iler, bir yandan\u00a0da aile ekonomisine katk\u0131da bulunmak\u00a0amac\u0131yla \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n \u0130yile\u015ftirilmesi Gereken Ko\u015fullar<\/strong><\/p>\n Mevsimlik Gezici Tar\u0131m \u0130\u015f\u00e7ileri \u0130zleme\u00a0Kurullar\u0131 yap\u0131lan faaliyetler, kar\u015f\u0131la\u015f\u0131lan\u00a0sorunlar ve \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcm \u00f6nerileri ile ilgili olarak,\u00a0\u00c7al\u0131\u015fma ve Sosyal G\u00fcvenlik Bakanl\u0131\u011f\u0131\u00a0b\u00fcnyesinde olu\u015fturulan \u0130zleme Kurulu rapora\u00a0g\u00f6re:<\/p>\n \u2022 G\u00f6\u00e7 mevsiminde mevsimlik gezici tar\u0131m\u00a0i\u015f\u00e7ilerinin \u015fehirleraras\u0131 ula\u015f\u0131mlar\u0131nda\u00a0demiryollar\u0131ndan yararlanma\u00a0imk\u00e2nlar\u0131n\u0131n art\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131, D\u00fcnyada oldu\u011fu gibi T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de de\u00a0sanayile\u015fme ve makinele\u015fme ile birlikte tar\u0131mda\u00a0da yap\u0131sal de\u011fi\u015fimler meydana gelmektedir.\u00a0Makinele\u015fme bir<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":254,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":[],"categories":[7],"tags":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"http:\/\/www.istesaglikdergisi.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/62"}],"collection":[{"href":"http:\/\/www.istesaglikdergisi.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"http:\/\/www.istesaglikdergisi.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/www.istesaglikdergisi.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/www.istesaglikdergisi.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=62"}],"version-history":[{"count":3,"href":"http:\/\/www.istesaglikdergisi.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/62\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":523,"href":"http:\/\/www.istesaglikdergisi.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/62\/revisions\/523"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/www.istesaglikdergisi.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/254"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"http:\/\/www.istesaglikdergisi.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=62"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/www.istesaglikdergisi.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=62"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/www.istesaglikdergisi.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=62"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}
\n\u2022 G\u00f6\u00e7 trafi\u011finin g\u00fcvenli\u011fi bak\u0131m\u0131ndan,\u00a0g\u00f6\u00e7 alan ve veren iller aras\u0131nda ula\u015f\u0131m\u00a0ile ilgili koordinasyon sa\u011flanmas\u0131,
\n\u2022 Uygun olmayan ko\u015fullarda seyahat\u00a0edilmesi, konaklama\/ikamet mahallinden\u00a0\u00e7\u0131k\u0131\u015flar\u0131ndan itibaren engellenmesi\u00a0ve tarladan-konaklama mahalline\u00a0ula\u015f\u0131m g\u00fcvenli\u011finin artt\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131,
\n\u2022 Asgari sosyal ihtiya\u00e7lar\u0131n kar\u015f\u0131land\u0131\u011f\u0131\u00a0bar\u0131nma yerlerinin i\u015f\u00e7ileri \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131ran\u00a0arazi sahibi veya i\u015fleyenlerce sa\u011flanamad\u0131\u011f\u0131\u00a0yerlerde mevsimlik gezici tar\u0131m\u00a0i\u015f\u00e7ileri i\u00e7in toplula\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015f konaklama\u00a0yerlerinin tespit edilmesi,
\n\u2022 Toplula\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lm\u0131\u015f konaklama alanlar\u0131n\u0131n\u00a0alt ve \u00fcst yap\u0131lar\u0131 uygun hale getirilecek\u00a0ve bu alanlar her d\u00f6nem ba\u015f\u0131nda\u00a0kullan\u0131ma haz\u0131r bulundurulmas\u0131,
\n\u2022 Mevsimlik gezici tar\u0131m i\u015f\u00e7ilerinin zorunlu\u00a0e\u011fitim \u00e7a\u011f\u0131nda olan \u00e7ocuklar\u0131n\u0131n\u00a0e\u011fitime devam oranlar\u0131 art\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131,
\n\u2022 \u00d6zel e\u011fitim ihtiyac\u0131 bulunan aile \u00fcyeleri\u00a0tespit edilerek, e\u011fitim olanaklar\u0131ndan\u00a0ve \u201c\u00f6zel e\u011fitim ve rehabilitasyon\u00a0merkezlerinden\u201d yararlanabilmeleri,
\n\u2022 Tar\u0131m arac\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131n yapmakta olduklar\u0131\u00a0mesle\u011fe ili\u015fkin niteliklerinin geli\u015ftirilmesi,
\n\u2022 Ba\u015fta gen\u00e7 mevsimlik gezici tar\u0131m i\u015f\u00e7ileri\u00a0olmak \u00fczere, mevsimlik gezici\u00a0tar\u0131m i\u015f\u00e7ilerinin, tar\u0131m d\u0131\u015f\u0131ndaki sekt\u00f6rlere\u00a0y\u00f6nelik niteliklerinin art\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131,
\n\u2022 Temel sa\u011fl\u0131k hizmetleri alan\u0131nda ihtiya\u00e7\u00a0duyulan ila\u00e7lar ve a\u015f\u0131lar\u0131n t\u00fcm ihtiyac\u0131\u00a0olan mevsimlik gezici tar\u0131m i\u015f\u00e7ileri\u00a0ve ailelerine temin edilmesi,\u00a0En dikkat \u00e7eken \u00f6nlemler aras\u0131nda yer\u00a0almaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"