{"id":624,"date":"2021-01-24T14:20:47","date_gmt":"2021-01-24T11:20:47","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.istesaglikdergisi.com.tr\/?p=624"},"modified":"2021-01-24T14:49:16","modified_gmt":"2021-01-24T11:49:16","slug":"guncel-yargitay-kararlari-isiginda-is-kazalarinda-cezai-sorumlulugun-kusur-boyutu","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"http:\/\/www.istesaglikdergisi.com.tr\/index.php\/2021\/01\/24\/guncel-yargitay-kararlari-isiginda-is-kazalarinda-cezai-sorumlulugun-kusur-boyutu\/","title":{"rendered":"G\u00fcncel Yargitay Kararlari I\u015fi\u011finda \u0130\u015f Kazalarinda Cezai Sorumlulu\u011fun Kusur Boyutu"},"content":{"rendered":"<p><strong>G\u00dcNCEL YARGITAY KARARLARI I\u015eI\u011eINDA \u0130\u015e KAZALARINDA CEZA\u0130 SORUMLULU\u011eUN KUSUR BOYUTU<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: right;\"><strong>Dr. \u00d6\u011fr. \u00dcy. \u00d6zge AP\u0130\u015e<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: right;\"><strong>\u00d6mer Halisdemir \u00dcniversitesi<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>\u00d6ZET<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Bu \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmada, i\u015f kazas\u0131 kavram\u0131n\u0131n ceza hukuku terminolojisindeki anlam\u0131 ve i\u015f kazalar\u0131ndan do\u011fan cezai sorumluluk de\u011ferlendirilmi\u015ftir. Kural olarak ceza hukukunda, s\u00f6zle\u015fmelerle kusurun b\u00f6l\u00fc\u015f\u00fclmesi m\u00fcmk\u00fcn olmasa da i\u015f s\u00f6zle\u015fmesinde belirlenen yetki ve g\u00f6rev s\u0131n\u0131rlar\u0131 uygulamada belirleyici olabilmektedir. Ancak sadece yetki ve g\u00f6rev verilmesi i\u015f kazas\u0131nda i\u015fveren vekiline kusur atfedilebilmesi i\u00e7in yeterli de\u011fildir. Bu nedenle somut olayda kusurun tespiti, kusurun t\u00fcr\u00fc, derecesi, nedensellik ba\u011f\u0131, \u00fcstlenme kusuru yahut \u00f6nlenemez risk kavramlar\u0131na ili\u015fkin \u00e7ok y\u00f6nl\u00fc bir de\u011ferlendirmeyi de beraberinde getirmektedir. Yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131m\u0131z \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmada, i\u015f kazalar\u0131nda kast ve taksir temeline dayanan kusur sorumlulu\u011funun uygulamada nas\u0131l \u015fekillendi\u011fi Yarg\u0131tay kararlar\u0131 \u0131\u015f\u0131\u011f\u0131nda irdelenmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Anahtar Kelimeler<\/strong>: i\u015f kazas\u0131, nedensellik ba\u011f\u0131, \u00fcstlenme kusuru, \u00f6nlenemez risk.<\/p>\n<p><strong>FAULT ASSESSMENT OF CRIMINAL LIABILITY IN OCCUPATIONAL ACCIDENTS<\/strong><br \/>\n<strong>IN THE LIGHT OF TURKISH COURT OF APPEAL\u2019S DECISIONS<\/strong><\/p>\n<p><strong>ABSTRACT<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>In this study, the term of occupational accident in criminal law terminology and the penal responsibilty arising from these accidents are evaluated. Although division of the fault by agreements is contrary to the basic principle \u201cfault liability\u201d in criminal law, the limits of authority and duty specified in the employment contract can be decisive in practice. However, authorizing and imposing duty by contracts is not sufficient for attributing the fault to the employer&#8217;s representative in work accidents. Therefore, the determination of fault in the concrete case brings with it a multidimensional assessment of the concepts of the type and grade of fault, carrying the fault, relation of causality or irrepressible risk. In our study, how the defect liability that based on intent and negligence in work accidents is examined in the light of the decisions of the Turkish Supreme Court.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Key Words<\/strong>: occupational accident, relation of causality, taking the fault, irrepressible risk.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>G\u0130R\u0130\u015e<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Esasen ceza hukuku kapsam\u0131nda \u00f6ld\u00fcrme yahut yaralama fiillerinin kas\u0131tl\u0131 ya da taksirli i\u015fleni\u015f \u015fekilllerini ifade eden i\u015f kazalar\u0131, ya\u015fam ve v\u00fccut dokunulmazl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n ihlali bak\u0131m\u0131ndan, \u00f6nemli hukuki de\u011ferleri ihlal etmektedir. S\u00f6z konusu ihlalin ise, i\u015f sa\u011fl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve g\u00fcvenli\u011fine ili\u015fkin tedbirlerin gerekti\u011fi \u015fekil ve d\u00fczeyde al\u0131nmamas\u0131na ba\u011fl\u0131 olarak ortaya \u00e7\u0131kt\u0131\u011f\u0131 g\u00f6zlemlenmektedir. \u00dclkemizde konuya ili\u015fkin yasal d\u00fczenlemeler ve g\u00fcncel tart\u0131\u015fmalar, konuya ilgiyi art\u0131rm\u0131\u015f ve gerek i\u015fveren gerek ise i\u015f\u00e7ilerin bilin\u00e7lenmesine hizmet etmi\u015fse de bunun yeterli d\u00fczeyde geli\u015fti\u011fini savunmak m\u00fcmk\u00fcn g\u00f6r\u00fcnmemektedir. Zira i\u015f\u00e7ilerin \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmak zorunda oldu\u011fu ekonomik ko\u015fullar bir yana, \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma faaliyetlerini ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirdikleri \u015fartlar bak\u0131m\u0131ndan da \u00f6nemli ihmaller zinciriyle kar\u015f\u0131la\u015f\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 bir ger\u00e7ektir.<\/p>\n<p>Bu hususta ceza hukukunun m\u00fcdahalesinin gereklili\u011fi, ya\u015fanan a\u011f\u0131r ihlalle paralel olarak ortaya \u00e7\u0131kmaktad\u0131r. Ancak temel sorun, s\u00f6z konusu a\u011f\u0131r ihlal bak\u0131m\u0131ndan kusurun ne \u015fekilde tespit edilece\u011fi ve kime y\u00fcklenece\u011fidir. Zira ceza hukukunda, ortaya \u00e7\u0131kan netice bak\u0131m\u0131ndan failin kast ya da tasirine dayanan kusurunun tespiti bak\u0131m\u0131ndan i\u015f kazalar\u0131nda, \u00f6zellikle bilin\u00e7li taksir, taksir ve olas\u0131 kast tart\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 belirleyici olmaktad\u0131r. Bununla birlikte, sorumlulu\u011fun somut olay\u0131n ko\u015fullar\u0131na g\u00f6re i\u015f b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fc kapsam\u0131nda kime y\u00fcklenece\u011fi de tart\u0131\u015fma yaratabilmektedir. Nitekim Yarg\u0131tay kararlar\u0131nda da bu hususu g\u00f6rmek m\u00fcmk\u00fcnd\u00fcr.<\/p>\n<p>Di\u011fer yandan kimi zaman, i\u015f kazalar\u0131 bak\u0131m\u0131ndan da bir neticenin ortaya \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015f olmas\u0131 evleviyetle nedensellik ba\u011f\u0131n\u0131n oldu\u011fu anlam\u0131na gelmemektedir. \u00d6zellikle t\u00fcm tedbirlerin azami bir dikkat ve \u00f6zenle al\u0131nd\u0131\u011f\u0131 ancak \u00f6nlenemez bir riskin bulundu\u011fu yahut ma\u011fdur veya \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc ki\u015filerin atipik hareketlerinin neticenin ortaya \u00e7\u0131kmas\u0131n\u0131n yegane gerek\u00e7esini olu\u015fturdu\u011fu hallerde, i\u015fveren yahut i\u015fveren vekillerinin sorumlulu\u011fu cihetine gidilmesi m\u00fcmk\u00fcn g\u00f6r\u00fcnmemektedir. Nedensellik ba\u011f\u0131n\u0131n bu \u015fekilde kesilmedi\u011fi ancak ortak bir kusurun oldu\u011fu hallerde ise, kimin asli kimin tali nitelikte kusurunun bulundu\u011funun tespiti \u00f6nem arz etmektedir.<\/p>\n<p>Bu nedenle \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmam\u0131zda ilk \u00f6nce i\u015f kazas\u0131 kavram\u0131na yer verilecek, i\u015f kazas\u0131 teriminin ceza hukuku kapsam\u0131nda ne \u015fekilde anla\u015f\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 izah edilmeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131lacakt\u0131r. Di\u011fer yandan, i\u015f kazalar\u0131nda cezai sorumlulu\u011fun g\u00fcndeme gelmesine neden olan kusur t\u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcn ne \u015fekilde anla\u015f\u0131lmas\u0131 gerekti\u011fi ve Yarg\u0131tay\u2019\u0131n i\u015f kazalar\u0131 davalar\u0131nda ne \u015fekilde bir yorum tarz\u0131 benimsedi\u011fini de\u011ferlendirilecektir.<\/p>\n<p><strong>1. \u0130\u015e KAZASI KAVRAMI<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u0130\u015f kazas\u0131, \u00e7e\u015fitli kanunlarda tan\u0131mlanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Di\u011fer yandan, yap\u0131lan bu tan\u0131mlar d\u00fczenlendikleri konu ve Kanun gere\u011fince farkl\u0131l\u0131k arz etmektedir. Bu kapsamda,<\/p>\n<p>6331 say\u0131l\u0131 \u0130\u015f Sa\u011fl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve G\u00fcvenli\u011fi Kanunu 3\/1-g maddesine g\u00f6re i\u015f kazas\u0131, \u201ci\u015fyerinde veya i\u015fin y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fcm\u00fc nedeniyle meydana gelen, \u00f6l\u00fcme sebebiyet veren veya v\u00fccut b\u00fct\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc ruhen ya da bedenen engelli h\u00e2le getiren olay\u0131\u201d ifade etmektedir.<\/p>\n<p>5510 say\u0131l\u0131 Sosyal Sigortalar ve Genel Sa\u011fl\u0131k Sigortas\u0131 Kanunu\u2019nun 13\/1 maddesinde ise i\u015f kazas\u0131,<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>a) Sigortal\u0131n\u0131n i\u015fyerinde bulundu\u011fu s\u0131rada,<\/li>\n<li>b) (De\u011fi\u015fik: 17\/4\/2008-5754\/8 md.) \u0130\u015fveren taraf\u0131ndan y\u00fcr\u00fct\u00fclmekte olan i\u015f nedeniyle sigortal\u0131 kendi ad\u0131na ve hesab\u0131na ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131yorsa y\u00fcr\u00fctmekte oldu\u011fu i\u015f nedeniyle,<\/li>\n<li>c) Bir i\u015fverene ba\u011fl\u0131 olarak \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan sigortal\u0131n\u0131n, g\u00f6revli olarak i\u015fyeri d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda ba\u015fka bir yere g\u00f6nderilmesi nedeniyle as\u0131l i\u015fini yapmaks\u0131z\u0131n ge\u00e7en zamanlarda,<\/li>\n<li>d) (De\u011fi\u015fik: 17\/4\/2008-5754\/8 md.) Bu Kanunun 4 \u00fcnc\u00fc maddesinin birinci f\u0131kras\u0131n\u0131n (a) bendi kapsam\u0131ndaki emziren kad\u0131n sigortal\u0131n\u0131n, i\u015f mevzuat\u0131 gere\u011fince \u00e7ocu\u011funa s\u00fct vermek i\u00e7in ayr\u0131lan zamanlarda,<\/li>\n<li>e) Sigortal\u0131lar\u0131n, i\u015fverence sa\u011flanan bir ta\u015f\u0131tla i\u015fin yap\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 yere gidi\u015f geli\u015fi s\u0131ras\u0131nda, meydana gelen ve sigortal\u0131y\u0131 hemen veya sonradan bedenen ya da ruhen engelli h\u00e2le getiren olay\u201d olarak tan\u0131mlanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Belirtmek gerekir ki, ceza hukuku ba\u011flam\u0131nda ceza kanunlar\u0131 d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda kanun h\u00fck\u00fcmleri ile yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015f olan tan\u0131mlar dikkate al\u0131nmakla birlikte, bu kavram\u0131n daralt\u0131c\u0131 \u015fekilde yorumlanarak tan\u0131mlanmas\u0131 gerekebilir. Zira ceza hukukunda i\u015f kazas\u0131 kavram\u0131 kapsam\u0131nda i\u015f kazas\u0131 niteli\u011findeki fiil esas al\u0131n\u0131r ve bu fiilin su\u00e7 olup olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131, ceza hukukunun kendi alan\u0131na \u00f6zg\u00fc kusur prensibi dahilinde tart\u0131\u015f\u0131l\u0131r. Modern ceza hukuku, fiil ceza hukukudur; bu nedenle net ve kesin bir i\u015f kazas\u0131 tan\u0131m\u0131 yap\u0131lmas\u0131na da gerek bulunmamaktad\u0131r. (1)<\/p>\n<p>Bu anlamda ceza hukuku kapsam\u0131nda i\u015f kazas\u0131, i\u015fverenin veya vekilinin do\u011frudan veya dolayl\u0131 \u201cotoritesi alt\u0131nda\u201d olmay\u0131, bulundu\u011fu s\u0131rada g\u00f6rd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc i\u015f veya i\u015f dolay\u0131s\u0131yla eylemlerden dolay\u0131, hayat\u0131n ola\u011fan ak\u0131\u015f\u0131na uygun bi\u00e7imde \u201cd\u0131\u015ftan gelen\u201d etken ile i\u015f\u00e7iyi bedensel veya ruhsal zarar\u0131 ifade etmektedir. (2)<\/p>\n<p><strong>2. \u0130\u015e KAZALARINDA KUSURA DAYANAN SORUMLULUK<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u0130\u015f kazas\u0131 kavram\u0131, i\u00e7erisinde bar\u0131nd\u0131rd\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u201ckaza\u201d terimi nedeniyle, ceza hukukunun temel ilkesi olan \u201ckusur prensibi\u201dni d\u0131\u015flar gibi g\u00f6r\u00fcnmektedir. Zira ceza hukuku terminolojisinde kaza, kast yahut taksire dayand\u0131r\u0131lamayan ve dolay\u0131s\u0131yla ki\u015fiye kusur izafe edilemeyen olaylar i\u00e7in kullan\u0131lan bir kavramd\u0131r. E\u011fer somut olayda \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fclebilmesi m\u00fcmk\u00fcn olmayan bir netice ile kar\u015f\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131yaysak, hareket iradi de\u011filse ceza hukuku kapsam\u0131nda kaza yahut tesad\u00fcften bahsedilebilir (3). Saf bir nedensellik ba\u011f\u0131, somut olayda kusuru olmayan bir kimseye cezai sorumluluk y\u00fcklemek i\u00e7in yeterli olmaz.<\/p>\n<p>Bu nedenle, \u201ci\u015f kazas\u0131\u201d olarak litaret\u00fcre yerle\u015fmi\u015f olsa da, \u00f6l\u00fcme sebebiyet veren veya v\u00fccut b\u00fct\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc ruhen ya da bedenen ihlal eden olaylar bak\u0131m\u0131ndan, faile kusur izafe edilebilmesi \u015fartt\u0131r. Zira ceza hukukunda kusur, failin bizzat ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirdi\u011fi icrai\/ihmali bir eyleminden dolay\u0131 bir cezay\u0131 hak edip etmedi\u011fi konusundaki normatif bir de\u011ferlendirmeyi gerektirir (4).<\/p>\n<p>Bu anlamda, cezai anlamda fail kavram\u0131 ile hukuki anlamda sorumlu ki\u015fi kavramlar\u0131n\u0131n farkl\u0131l\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan yola \u00e7\u0131k\u0131larak, \u0130\u015f Kanunu\u2019nda belirtilen sorumlulu\u011fun \u00f6zel hukuk sorumlulu\u011fu oldu\u011fu ve d\u00fczenleme alt\u0131na al\u0131nan y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcl\u00fcklerin ceza hukuku bak\u0131m\u0131ndan en az\u0131ndan taksirli sorumlulu\u011fa gidilebilecek nitelikte olmas\u0131 gerekti\u011fi unutulmamal\u0131d\u0131r (5).<\/p>\n<p>\u0130\u015f (maden) kazalar\u0131 TCK\u2019da ayr\u0131 bir su\u00e7 t\u00fcr\u00fc olarak d\u00fczenlenmemi\u015f, bunlar neticesinde meydana gelen yaralanma veya \u00f6l\u00fcmden failin, kusurluluk derecesine g\u00f6re, taksir, bilin\u00e7li taksir veya olas\u0131 kast ile sorumlu olmas\u0131 gerekti\u011fi kabul edilmi\u015ftir (6).<\/p>\n<p>Sonu\u00e7 itibariyle i\u015fyerinde i\u015f g\u00fcvenli\u011fi ve sa\u011fl\u0131\u011f\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan gerekli \u00f6nlemleri almayan, denetim ve g\u00f6zetim y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc gere\u011fi gibi yerine getirmeyen, i\u015f\u00e7ilerin sa\u011fl\u0131k b\u00fct\u00fcnl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc veya ya\u015fam ve bedensel haklar\u0131na y\u00f6nelik zararl\u0131 davran\u0131\u015flarda bulunan i\u015fveren, i\u015fveren vekili, alt i\u015fveren, i\u015f\u00e7i veya di\u011fer 3. ki\u015filerin (di\u011fer bir i\u015f\u00e7i yahut i\u015fyeri denetimini kasten gere\u011fi gibi yapmayan kamu g\u00f6revlisi m\u00fcfetti\u015f gibi) eylemleri ile i\u015f kazas\u0131 neticesi aras\u0131nda nedensellik ba\u011f\u0131n\u0131n bulunmas\u0131 halinde kusurlu hareketi ile neticeye sebebiyet veren ki\u015fi ya da ki\u015filer, fail olabilirler (7).<\/p>\n<p>\u0130\u015f kazalar\u0131nda ceza hukuku bak\u0131mdan sorumluluk failin, taksir (bilin\u00e7li\/bilin\u00e7siz) yahut olas\u0131 kast ile hareket etmesiyle ortaya \u00e7\u0131kar. Kaza kavram\u0131, TCK m. 81, 83 ve 86 bak\u0131m\u0131ndan do\u011frudan kast\u0131 ihitava etmez; zira kaza kelimesi, kanunda yasaklanan neticenin do\u011frudan istenmedi\u011fini ifade eder (8).<\/p>\n<p>5237 Say\u0131l\u0131 TCK\u2019nun 21. maddesine g\u00f6re \u201cSu\u00e7un olu\u015fmas\u0131 kast\u0131n varl\u0131\u011f\u0131na ba\u011fl\u0131d\u0131r. Kast, su\u00e7un kanuni tan\u0131m\u0131ndaki unsurlar\u0131n bilerek ve istenerek ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilmesidir. (2) Ki\u015finin, su\u00e7un kanuni tan\u0131m\u0131ndaki unsurlar\u0131n ger\u00e7ekle\u015febilece\u011fini \u00f6ng\u00f6rmesine ra\u011fmen, fiili i\u015flemesi halinde olas\u0131 kast vard\u0131r.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>\u00d6\u011freti ve uygulamaya egemen olan g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f gere\u011fince kast, kanunda \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fclm\u00fc\u015f objektif su\u00e7 unsurlar\u0131n\u0131n somut olayda bilinmesi ve istenmesi ile olu\u015fur. B\u00f6ylece kast\u0131n bilme ve isteme unsurlar\u0131na dayand\u0131\u011f\u0131 kabul edilmektedir. Failin, d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc, \u00f6ng\u00f6rd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc ve dolay\u0131s\u0131yla bildi\u011fi sonucu ayn\u0131 zamanda isteyerek ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirmesi halinde ger\u00e7ekle\u015fen bu sonu\u00e7 bak\u0131m\u0131ndan \u201cdo\u011frudan kast\u201d s\u00f6z konusu olurken, failin hedefi olan as\u0131l sonu\u00e7 d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda olu\u015fan ikinci derecede sonu\u00e7lar y\u00f6n\u00fcnden bu olas\u0131 sonu\u00e7lar\u0131n ger\u00e7ekle\u015febilece\u011fini \u00f6ng\u00f6ren fail, bunlar\u0131 \u00f6nlemek i\u00e7in bir \u00e7aba g\u00f6stermemi\u015f, bunlara \u00f6nem vermeyerek adeta kay\u0131ts\u0131z kalm\u0131\u015fsa, \u201colas\u0131 kast\u201d s\u00f6z konusu olur. Bilin\u00e7li taksir TCK\u2019nun 22\/3. maddesinde tan\u0131mlanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Buna g\u00f6re, \u201cKi\u015finin \u00f6ng\u00f6rd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc neticeyi istememesine kar\u015f\u0131n, neticenin meydana gelmesi halinde bilin\u00e7li taksir vard\u0131r.\u201d Dikkat edilmesi gereken husus, Kanun\u2019da yap\u0131lan bilin\u00e7li taksir ve olas\u0131 kast tan\u0131mlar\u0131n\u0131n dikkat \u00e7ekecek \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcde benzerlik g\u00f6stermesidir. Bu nedenle, olas\u0131 kast\u0131n \u201ckay\u0131ts\u0131zl\u0131k\u201d \u00f6zelli\u011fi ile bilin\u00e7li taksirin sonucun ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmemesi i\u00e7in \u201celden gelen \u00e7abay\u0131 g\u00f6sterme\u201d \u00f6zelliklerinin kanunda vurgulanmas\u0131nda zorunluluk vard\u0131r (9).<\/p>\n<p>Kanun\u2019un 22\/2. maddesinde tan\u0131mlanan bilin\u00e7siz taksir ise, \u201cdikkat ve \u00f6zen y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcne ayk\u0131r\u0131l\u0131k dolay\u0131s\u0131yla, bir davran\u0131\u015f\u0131n su\u00e7un kanuni tan\u0131m\u0131nda belirtilen neticesi \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fclmeyerek ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilmesidir.\u201d \u015eu halde bilin\u00e7li taksirle bilin\u00e7li taksiri ay\u0131ran temel husus, \u201c\u00f6ng\u00f6rme\u201d temelinde \u015fekillenmektedir. Zira neticenin fail taraf\u0131ndan \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fclebilmesi gerekirken \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fclememesi bilin\u00e7siz taksir, \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fc halde istenmemi\u015f olmas\u0131 ise bilin\u00e7li taksir olarak kabul edilmektedir (10).<\/p>\n<p>Somut olayda kast yahut taksire dayanan kusurlu sorumluluk ise, tan\u0131k ifadeleri, kazan\u0131n meydana geldi\u011fi i\u015fyerinin niteli\u011fi, i\u015f\u00e7i sa\u011fl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve g\u00fcvenli\u011fi konusunda al\u0131nmas\u0131 gereken \u00f6nlemler incelenerek o i\u015fyerinde hangi \u00f6nlemlerin al\u0131nmas\u0131 gerekti\u011fi ve bu \u00f6nlemlerden i\u015fverence hangilerinin al\u0131n\u0131p hangilerinin al\u0131nmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n tespit \u015feklinde belirlenecektir. Bu de\u011ferlendirmelere g\u00f6re ise, cezai sorumlulu\u011fun bilin\u00e7siz yahut bilin\u00e7li taksire mi yoksa olas\u0131 kasta m\u0131 dayand\u0131\u011f\u0131 tespit edilecektir. Bu konuda uygulamada son zamanlarda dikkat \u00e7eken husus, i\u015f kazalar\u0131nda manevi unsur bak\u0131m\u0131ndan \u201colas\u0131 kast\u201d sorumlulu\u011funun da kabul edilmeye ba\u015flanmas\u0131d\u0131r. Zira a\u015fa\u011f\u0131da inceleyece\u011fimiz \u00fczere Yarg\u0131tay\u2019\u0131n genel olarak taksir sorumlulu\u011funu kabul etti\u011fi g\u00f6r\u00fclmekteyse de somut olayda i\u015f kazas\u0131n\u0131n ortaya \u00e7\u0131kmas\u0131na sebebiyet veren fiilleri \u201c\u00f6ng\u00f6rmeme\u201d yahut \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fclm\u00fc\u015f olsa bile neticeyi \u201cistememe\u201d d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda, olu\u015fan netice bak\u0131m\u0131ndan \u201ckay\u0131ts\u0131z kalma\u201d zemininde tart\u0131\u015fmaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n<p><strong>3. YARGITAY KARARLARINDA SORUMLULU\u011eUN TESP\u0130T\u0130<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>Yarg\u0131tay i\u015f kazalar\u0131ndan do\u011fan cezai sorumluluk bak\u0131m\u0131ndan genellikle bilin\u00e7siz taksir sorumlulu\u011funu kabul etmektedir. Nitekim, san\u0131\u011f\u0131n sahibi ve yetkili m\u00fcd\u00fcr\u00fc oldu\u011fu &#8230; Limited \u015eirketine ait fabrikan\u0131n devam eden in\u015faat\u0131nda \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan kat\u0131lan\u0131n, \u00e7at\u0131 tamiri s\u0131ras\u0131nda montaj\u0131n\u0131 yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 eternitin k\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 sonucunda 550 cm y\u00fckseklikten d\u00fc\u015ferek hayati tehlike ge\u00e7irecek \u015fekilde yaraland\u0131\u011f\u0131 olayda Yarg\u0131tay, \u201csan\u0131\u011f\u0131n gerekli g\u00fcvenlik \u00f6nlemlerinin almas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flamayarak kusurlu oldu\u011fu y\u00f6n\u00fcndeki kabul do\u011fru olmakla birlikte, olayda TCK&#8217;n\u0131n 22\/3. maddesinde tan\u0131ml\u0131 bilin\u00e7li taksirin ko\u015fullar\u0131n\u0131n ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmedi\u011fi g\u00f6zetilmeden, &#8220;san\u0131\u011f\u0131n eyleminde \u00e7at\u0131da \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan kat\u0131lana gerekli emniyet ara\u00e7lar\u0131n\u0131 vermeden \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131rd\u0131\u011f\u0131, bu durumda kaza meydana gelebilece\u011finin herkesin \u00f6ng\u00f6rebilece\u011fi bir durum oldu\u011fu, bu sebeple de sonucu \u00f6ng\u00f6rd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc ancak bu sonucu istemedi\u011fi&#8221; belirtilmek suretiyle bilin\u00e7li taksir h\u00fck\u00fcmleri uygulanarak fazla ceza tayini\u2026 (11) \u201dni hukuka ayk\u0131r\u0131 bulmu\u015ftur.<\/p>\n<p>Ancak Yarg\u0131tay, Bursa&#8217;n\u0131n Mustafakemalpa\u015fa il\u00e7esi B\u00fckk\u00f6y Maden oca\u011f\u0131ndaki patlama nedeniyle yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 yarg\u0131lamada olas\u0131 kasttan h\u00fck\u00fcm kurmu\u015ftur. Bu karar\u0131 gerek\u00e7elendirirken ise \u015fu hususlara de\u011finmi\u015ftir:<\/p>\n<p>Bu i\u015f kolunda deneyimli olan san\u0131klar\u0131n<\/p>\n<p>&#8211; 2006 y\u0131l\u0131ndan beri i\u015fletmede metan gaz\u0131 oldu\u011funu bilmelerine ra\u011fmen bunu g\u00f6zard\u0131 etmesi, \u00f6nlem almamas\u0131, defterlerde bu hususa yer vermemeleri,<\/p>\n<p>&#8211; ocak gaz \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fc otomatik olarak yapacak erken uyar\u0131 sistemini kurmamalar\u0131<\/p>\n<p>&#8211; yeterli say\u0131da gaz \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcm cihaz\u0131 bulundurmay\u0131p d\u00fczenli olarak kullan\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flamamalar\u0131, hatta basit ve ucuz olan vakvak tabir edilen uyar\u0131 aletini dahi temin edip kulland\u0131rmamalar\u0131,<\/p>\n<p>&#8211; i\u015fletmede havaland\u0131rma bak\u0131m\u0131ndan k\u00f6r ve acil durumda ka\u00e7\u0131\u015f imkan\u0131 bulunmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flamamalar\u0131,<\/p>\n<p>&#8211; ocak \u00fcretim mahalline yeterli temiz hava ak\u0131m\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flayacak sistemi kurmayarak, ocak i\u00e7indeki kirli ve temiz havan\u0131n kar\u0131\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131 ve \u0131s\u0131n\u0131n y\u00fckselmesini g\u00f6z ard\u0131 edip; 10-15 cm \u00e7ap\u0131nda hava borular\u0131yla havaland\u0131rma yap\u0131lmas\u0131 dolay\u0131s\u0131yla yeterli ve uygun d\u00fczeyde havaland\u0131rma sa\u011flanamamas\u0131 nedenleriyle grizu birikmesine neden olmalar\u0131,<\/p>\n<p>&#8211; ocakta grizu oldu\u011funu bilmelerine ra\u011fmen bunu gizledikleri bu nedenle idarenin denetimini de \u00f6nledikleri gibi ocak i\u00e7inde her vardiyada her at\u0131m \u00f6ncesi ve sonras\u0131 gaz \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcm\u00fc yapt\u0131r\u0131p kay\u0131t alt\u0131na ald\u0131rmayarak, ocak i\u00e7inde kullan\u0131lan tesisat ve ekipmanlar\u0131n antigrizulu olarak tesis ettirmemeleri,<\/p>\n<p>&#8211; ocak i\u00e7ine i\u015f\u00e7ilerin sigara sokmas\u0131n\u0131 ve i\u00e7ilmesini engellemeyerek, \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan i\u015f\u00e7ilere i\u015fe ba\u015flarken ve devam\u0131nda tamam\u0131na i\u015f sa\u011fl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve g\u00fcvenli\u011fi e\u011fitimi verdirip belgelettirmeyerek,<\/p>\n<p>\u201cfiziki \u015fartlar\u0131 k\u00f6t\u00fc, \u00fcretim, nakliyat ve havaland\u0131rma bak\u0131m\u0131ndan emniyet tedbirlerine uyulmayan ocak i\u015fleterek meydana gelen sonuca kay\u0131ts\u0131z kal\u0131p kabullendikleri, b\u00f6yle bir olayda \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fclmekle birlikte ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmeyece\u011fi d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fclen ve istenmeyen bir neticeden bahsedilmeyece\u011fi, defalarca yap\u0131lan tespitler ve uyar\u0131lara ra\u011fmen hatal\u0131, eksik ve tehlikeli \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma y\u00f6ntemini s\u00fcrd\u00fcren\u00a0 san\u0131klar\u0131n kusurluluk d\u00fczeyinin taksir d\u00fczeyini a\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131, bu \u015fekildeki \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma ile grizu patlamas\u0131 olabilece\u011fini \u00f6ng\u00f6rmelerine ra\u011fmen, patlamay\u0131 ger\u00e7ek anlamda engelleyici nitelikte bir \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma yapmad\u0131klar\u0131, aksine mevcut tehlikeli durumu gizlemek suretiyle, &#8220;olursa olsun&#8221; d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesi ile hatal\u0131 ve hileli faaliyetlerine devam ettikleri; bu nedenle ger\u00e7ekle\u015fen bu neticeden olas\u0131 kast h\u00fck\u00fcmleri uyar\u0131nca sorumlu tutulmalar\u0131 gerekti\u011fi ve olas\u0131 kastla adam \u00f6ld\u00fcrme su\u00e7unun unsurlar\u0131n\u0131n olu\u015ftu\u011fu g\u00f6zetilmeden, yaz\u0131l\u0131 \u015fekilde h\u00fck\u00fcm kurulmas\u0131\u201dn\u0131 bozma sebebi yapm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r (12).<\/p>\n<p>Bir di\u011fer husus, Yarg\u0131tay\u2019\u0131n i\u015f kazalar\u0131na ili\u015fkin ceza davalar\u0131nda taksir\/olas\u0131 kast sorumlulu\u011funun belirlenmesinde ayr\u0131nt\u0131l\u0131 kusur izafesi ve illiyet ba\u011f\u0131n\u0131 aramas\u0131d\u0131r. Nitekim 2018 tarihli bir karar\u0131nda Mahkeme, \u201ckat\u0131lan\u0131n daha \u00f6nce ge\u00e7irdi\u011fi i\u015f kazas\u0131 sebebiyle ustaba\u015f\u0131 &#8230; .. b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fc de\u011fi\u015ftirmek istedi\u011fini s\u00f6yledi\u011fi, ustaba\u015f\u0131n\u0131n ise kendisine &#8220;b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fc de\u011fi\u015ftirece\u011fiz, \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmana devam et, kaza olursa sorumluluk alamam&#8221; dedi\u011fini ve san\u0131\u011f\u0131n yap\u0131lan i\u015f ve \u00fcretimle ilgili sorumlulu\u011funun olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 beyan etmeleri kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda, maddi ger\u00e7e\u011fin ortaya \u00e7\u0131kart\u0131lmas\u0131 bak\u0131m\u0131ndan, \u00f6ncelikle \u015firketin sorumlu yetkilisinin kim oldu\u011funun tespit edilmesi y\u00f6n\u00fcnden i\u015f yeri y\u00f6netim \u015femas\u0131 ve s\u00f6z konusu \u015firketin su\u00e7 tarihine ait ticaret sicil kay\u0131tlar\u0131 getirtilip, t\u00fcm ilgililerin dinlenilmesi ve bu ki\u015filerin i\u015f yeri ve kaza olay\u0131ndaki rolleri belirlendikten sonra san\u0131\u011f\u0131n \u015firketteki pozisyonu, g\u00f6rev ve sorumluluklar\u0131 ile bahse konu \u015firkette i\u015f sa\u011fl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve g\u00fcvenli\u011fi ile ilgili tedbirleri alma konusunda kim ya da kimlerin yetkili oldu\u011fu tespit edilip bu ki\u015filer hakk\u0131nda dava a\u00e7\u0131lmas\u0131 sa\u011flan\u0131p, olayda sorumlulu\u011fu bulunan ki\u015filer ile kusur durumunun tespiti amac\u0131yla gerekti\u011finde olay yerinde ke\u015fif yap\u0131ld\u0131ktan sonra, i\u015f g\u00fcvenli\u011fi uzmanlar\u0131ndan olu\u015fturulacak kuruldan g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f al\u0131n\u0131p sonucuna g\u00f6re san\u0131\u011f\u0131n hukuki durumunun takdir ve tayin edilmesi gerekti\u011fi g\u00f6zetilmeden, eksik inceleme ile yaz\u0131l\u0131 \u015fekilde beraat karar\u0131 verilmesi\u2026\u201dni bozma gerek\u00e7esi olarak kabul etmi\u015ftir (13).<\/p>\n<p>Y\u00fcr\u00fcrl\u00fckteki hukuki ve evrensel nitelikteki bilimsel ve teknik kurallara g\u00f6re al\u0131nmas\u0131 gereken t\u00fcm \u00f6nlemlerin al\u0131nm\u0131\u015f olmas\u0131na ra\u011fmen i\u015f kazas\u0131n\u0131n \u00f6nlememesi durumunda yani \u00f6nlenemez risk (14) halinde ise, Yarg\u0131tay san\u0131klara kusur atfedilemeyece\u011fini kabul etmi\u015ftir (15).<\/p>\n<p>\u0130lliyet ba\u011f\u0131n\u0131n ma\u011fdurun davran\u0131\u015flar\u0131yla kesilmesi bak\u0131m\u0131ndan da Yarg\u0131tay, kimi zaman yerel mahkeme kararlar\u0131n\u0131<br \/>\nbozabilmektedir.<\/p>\n<p>Nitekim, yerel mahkemenin, ma\u011fdurun uzmanl\u0131k alan\u0131 ve tecr\u00fcbesiyle ba\u011fda\u015fmayacak bi\u00e7imde gerekli dikkat ve itinay\u0131 g\u00f6stermeyerek, kendi eylemiyle kazan\u0131n meydana gelmesinde etkin oldu\u011funu, ma\u011fdura polisaj makinesinde eldiven kesmemesi direktifinin i\u015f g\u00fcvenli\u011fi e\u011fitimini gerektirmeyecek olmas\u0131n\u0131, ma\u011fdurun eyleminin tehlikelili\u011fi konusunda de\u011ferlendirmenin o makinede \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan tecr\u00fcbe sahibi bir i\u015f\u00e7iden ba\u015fka ola\u011fan ko\u015fullarda olan herkesin yapabilece\u011fini, geli\u015fen teknoloji ile birlikte i\u015f ve i\u015f\u00e7i g\u00fcvenli\u011fini daha iyi sa\u011flayabilecek donan\u0131ma sahip makinelerin piyasada bulunmas\u0131n\u0131n i\u015fletme \u00e7ap\u0131 ve mali imk\u00e2nlar\u0131 \u00f6l\u00e7\u00fcs\u00fcnde bu makineyi temin etmeyen ve \u00fcretim prosesinde kullanmayan i\u015fveren ve temsilcilerinin s\u0131rf bu sebeple kusurlu say\u0131lmalar\u0131n\u0131n kabul edilebilir olmamas\u0131n\u0131, ma\u011fdurun da\u011f\u0131t\u0131lm\u0131\u015f eldivenler oldu\u011fu halde \u0131slak oldu\u011fu i\u00e7in kullanmay\u0131 reddederek eline sarmak i\u00e7in bir bez par\u00e7as\u0131n\u0131 polisaj makinesinde kesmeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131, polisaj makinesinde bez kesilmeyece\u011fini bilmesi gerekti\u011fi halde yetkililerden yeni eldiven istemeyerek onun yerine eline bez sararak tedbirsiz \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma sergiledi\u011finden kazaya as\u0131l ma\u011fdurun sebebiyet vermi\u015f oldu\u011funu ifade ederek su\u00e7un unsurlar\u0131n\u0131n olu\u015fmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 kabul etti\u011fi olayda Yarg\u0131tay, San\u0131\u011f\u0131n sahibi oldu\u011fu i\u015fyerinde, olay tarihinden alt\u0131 ay \u00f6nce polisaj i\u015f\u00e7isi olarak \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmaya ba\u015flayan kat\u0131lan\u0131n, olay g\u00fcn\u00fc \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131rken kullanmak \u00fczere sa\u011f eline eldiven giydi\u011fi, sol eli i\u00e7in kullanaca\u011f\u0131 eldivenin \u0131slak olmas\u0131 ve ba\u015fka eldiven de bulunmamas\u0131 sebebiyle sol eline sard\u0131\u011f\u0131 bezin ucunu z\u0131mpara makinesinde kesmek istedi\u011fi, bu esnada kolunun makineye s\u0131k\u0131\u015fmas\u0131 sonucunda par\u00e7al\u0131 k\u0131r\u0131k olu\u015facak \u015fekilde yaraland\u0131\u011f\u0131 olayda; san\u0131\u011f\u0131n, i\u015f\u00e7ilere gerekli i\u015f g\u00fcvenli\u011fi e\u011fitiminin verilmesini sa\u011flamamas\u0131, yeterince ki\u015fisel koruyucu malzemeyi temin etmemesi ve i\u015f\u00e7ilere verilen malzemelerin kullan\u0131l\u0131p kullan\u0131lmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 denetlememesi nedenleriyle olay\u0131n meydana gelmesinde kusurlu oldu\u011fu anla\u015f\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan, at\u0131l\u0131 su\u00e7tan cezaland\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 gerekti\u011fi kabul edilmelidir. Bu itibarla, yerel mahkeme direnme h\u00fckm\u00fcn\u00fcn, somut olayda kusuru bulunan san\u0131\u011f\u0131n at\u0131l\u0131 su\u00e7tan m\u00e2hkumiyeti yerine beraatine karar verilmesi isabetsizli\u011finden bozulmas\u0131na karar verilmelidir.\u201d ifadelerine yer vermi\u015ftir (16).<\/p>\n<p>Yarg\u0131tay s\u00f6z konusu olayda san\u0131\u011f\u0131n kusursuz oldu\u011funa ili\u015fkin kabul\u00fc hukuka ayk\u0131r\u0131 bulmas\u0131 nedeniyle, yerel mahkeme taraf\u0131ndan verilen beraat karar\u0131n\u0131 bozmu\u015ftur. Di\u011fer yandan \u00fcstlenme kusurunun oldu\u011fu bu gibi olaylarda Y\u00fcksek Mahkeme, kusurun fazladan tayinini de bozma sebebi yapmaktad\u0131r (17). Zira i\u015f\u00e7inin bilim ve fen kurallar\u0131na ayk\u0131r\u0131 \u015fekilde tehlikeli oldu\u011fu bilinen bir y\u00f6ntem ile i\u015fyerinde bir eylemde bulunarak, i\u015fveren veya i\u015fveren vekilinin denetim ve g\u00f6zetim y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc yerine getiremeyece\u011fi bir esnada ger\u00e7ekle\u015fen i\u015f kazalar\u0131 bak\u0131m\u0131ndan bizzat kendisi asli kusurlu olacakt\u0131r (18). Ayr\u0131ca i\u015fverenin bir emri veya talimat\u0131 s\u00f6z konusu olmaks\u0131z\u0131n, i\u015f\u00e7inin normal \u015fartlar alt\u0131nda yapmamas\u0131 gereken bir i\u015fi \u00fcstlenmi\u015f ve bu \u00fcstlenme s\u0131ras\u0131ndaki kusurlu hareketleri neticesinde i\u015f kazas\u0131 ge\u00e7irip yaralanm\u0131\u015f, \u00f6lm\u00fc\u015f veya di\u011fer 3.ki\u015filere zarar vermi\u015fse bu neticeler \u00fcstlenme kusuru nedeniyle de i\u015fveren veya i\u015fveren vekiline y\u00fcklenemeyebilir (19).<\/p>\n<p>Belirtmek gerekir ki, kusurun belirlenmesinde Yarg\u0131tay, i\u015f kazas\u0131 niteli\u011finde bulunan olayda tek ki\u015filik bilirki\u015fi raporuna dayan\u0131larak h\u00fck\u00fcm kurulmas\u0131n\u0131 bozma sebebi yapmaktad\u0131r (20).<\/p>\n<p>\u0130\u015fin ta\u015feron firmaya verildi\u011fi hallerde Yarg\u0131tay, i\u015fveren \u015firket ile ta\u015feron firma aras\u0131nda yap\u0131lan s\u00f6zle\u015fme h\u00fck\u00fcmlerini esas alarak sorumluluk cihetine gitmekte (21), i\u015fverenin cezai sorumlulu\u011funun belirlenmesi bak\u0131m\u0131ndan ise, somut olay\u0131 incelemekte ve \u015firket s\u00f6zle\u015fmesini g\u00f6z \u00f6n\u00fcnde bulundurmaktad\u0131r (22).<\/p>\n<p>Kanaatimizce Yarg\u0131tay kararlar\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan en dikkat \u00e7ekici husus, i\u015f sahibinin y\u00fcklenici \u00fczerinde emir ve talimat verme, yap\u0131lan i\u015fleri do\u011frudan kontrol, denetim, g\u00f6zetim yetkisi bulunup bulunmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n tart\u0131\u015fmaya muhta\u00e7 oldu\u011fu hallerde dahi \u201ci\u015f kazas\u0131n\u0131n\u201d varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 kabul etmesidir. Nitekim bir karar\u0131nda Y\u00fcksek Mahkeme, san\u0131\u011f\u0131n i\u015f yeri olarak kiralam\u0131\u015f oldu\u011fu tek katl\u0131 binada ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirece\u011fi baz\u0131 tadilatlar i\u00e7in g\u00f6t\u00fcr\u00fc usul\u00fc olarak anla\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00e7at\u0131 ve kaynak ustas\u0131 olan \u00f6len ile tan\u0131k &#8230; isimli ki\u015filerin, olay g\u00fcn\u00fc saat 09.00 sular\u0131nda i\u015fe ba\u015flad\u0131klar\u0131, \u00f6lenin \u00e7at\u0131da, tan\u0131\u011f\u0131n ise yerde tamir-bak\u0131m \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n\u0131 s\u00fcrd\u00fcrd\u00fckleri s\u0131rada, yakla\u015f\u0131k 20- 25 y\u0131ll\u0131k binan\u0131n eternit kapl\u0131 \u00e7at\u0131s\u0131nda k\u0131r\u0131k-\u00e7atlak olup ya\u011fmur-kar suyu ge\u00e7iren eternitlerin de\u011fi\u015ftirilmesi \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmas\u0131n\u0131 y\u00fcr\u00fcten \u00f6lenin, \u00fczerine bast\u0131\u011f\u0131 etermit levhan\u0131n k\u0131r\u0131larak yere d\u00fc\u015fmesi sonucu meydana gelen olayda, \u201c\u00f6lenin piyasada kaynak\u00e7\u0131 olarak tan\u0131nd\u0131\u011f\u0131, bu kazadan \u00f6nceki d\u00f6nemde tan\u0131k &#8230; ile birlikte bir ba\u015fka binan\u0131n \u00e7at\u0131 i\u015fini birlikte yapm\u0131\u015f olduklar\u0131, \u00f6lenin yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u015fin tehlikelerini, risklerini bilecek ve bunlara kar\u015f\u0131 al\u0131nabilecek tedbirleri d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnerek uygulayabilecek bilgi ve tecr\u00fcbe birikiminin bulundu\u011funun dosya i\u00e7eri\u011finden anla\u015f\u0131lamad\u0131\u011f\u0131, i\u015fveren taraf\u0131ndan, k\u0131r\u0131lgan bir yap\u0131ya sahip eternit levhalar\u0131n \u00e7at\u0131ya d\u00f6\u015fendikten sonra g\u00fcne\u015f, kar, ya\u011fmur gibi atmosferik \u015fartlara maruz kald\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan, y\u0131llar ge\u00e7tik\u00e7e bu k\u0131r\u0131lgan yap\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n iyice artt\u0131\u011f\u0131 g\u00f6zetilerek, \u00e7at\u0131 tadilat\u0131 i\u015fi i\u00e7in \u00e7at\u0131ya \u00e7\u0131kard\u0131\u011f\u0131 \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan\u0131na, kesinlikle levhalar\u0131n ortas\u0131na bas\u0131lmamas\u0131, bas\u0131lmas\u0131 gerekiyorsa levhalar\u0131n alt\u0131ndaki metal ba\u011flant\u0131 profillerine civatayla tespitlerinin yap\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 noktalara bas\u0131lmas\u0131 yolunda \u00e7ok titizlikle bilgi verilmesi, k\u0131r\u0131k-\u00e7atlak oldu\u011fu i\u00e7in de\u011fi\u015ftirilmesi gereken 100&#215;400 cm&#8217;lik b\u00f6lgenin yan\u0131na bir \u00e7at\u0131 merdiveni \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131lmas\u0131 ve i\u015f\u00e7inin bu platform \u00fczerine \u00e7\u0131karak bozuk b\u00f6lgeyi onarmas\u0131n\u0131n sa\u011flanmas\u0131, bunun yan\u0131nda kendisine mutlaka bir emniyet kemeri verilerek ve kemerin de bir ya\u015fam halat\u0131na tespiti sa\u011flanarak olas\u0131 bir d\u00fc\u015fme tehlikesi halinde \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan\u0131n yere d\u00fc\u015fmesinin \u00f6nlenmesi veya \u00e7at\u0131da \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131lan b\u00f6lgenin alt\u0131na g\u00fcvenlik filesi \u00e7ekilmesi yahut ayn\u0131 g\u00f6revi \u00fcstlenebilecek nitelikte korkuluklu platform-iskele d\u00fczeni kurulmas\u0131 gibi in\u015faat i\u015fleri mevzuat\u0131ndaki teknik tedbirlerin al\u0131nmas\u0131 gerekti\u011fi, i\u015fveren san\u0131\u011f\u0131n belirtilen bu y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcl\u00fcklerin hi\u00e7birini yerine getirmeden, i\u015fi verdi\u011fi \u00e7at\u0131 tamir ve kaynak ustas\u0131 \u00f6lenin<br \/>\n\u00e7at\u0131ya \u00e7\u0131kmas\u0131na m\u00fcsaade etti\u011fi, bu suretle olay\u0131n meydana gelmesinde kusurlu oldu\u011fu anla\u015f\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan\u201d ifadelerine yer vermi\u015ftir (23).<\/p>\n<p>S\u00f6z konusu karar\u0131n kar\u015f\u0131 oy gerek\u00e7esinde eser s\u00f6zle\u015fmesinin genel yap\u0131s\u0131 ve \u00f6zelliklerine de\u011finilerek olaydaki ili\u015fki t\u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcn bir i\u015f\u00e7i- i\u015fveren ili\u015fkisi olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131klanmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015f\u0131lm\u0131\u015f ancak (24) , gerek karar ve gerek ise kar\u015f\u0131 oy gerek\u00e7esi ceza hukuku yap\u0131lmas\u0131 konular\u0131ndan ve bu konularda do\u011fabilecek t\u00fcm adli ve idari cezalardan &#8230; LTD \u015firketinin sorumlu oldu\u011funun&#8221; h\u00fckme ba\u011fland\u0131\u011f\u0131 g\u00f6r\u00fclmekle, meydana gelen i\u015fkazas\u0131 sebebiyle &#8230; LTD. yetkilisi san\u0131\u011f\u0131n sorumlu tutulamayaca\u011f\u0131 ve bu sebeple san\u0131\u011f\u0131n beraatine karar verilmesi gerekti\u011finin g\u00f6zetilmemesi\u2026\u201d Yarg. 12. C. D., 2016\/3579 E., 2018\/1926 K., 21.2.2018. terminolojisinden ve bu alana hakim olan genel ilkelerden mahrum b\u0131rak\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Zira \u00f6zel hukuk kurumlar\u0131na dayan\u0131larak bir gerek\u00e7e olu\u015fturulacak olsa bile bu kurumlar\u0131n ceza hukuku ile temellendirilmesi gerekmektedir. Bu nedenle kararda yahut kar\u015f\u0131 oyda, bu ili\u015fkinin bir i\u015f\u00e7i- i\u015fveren ili\u015fkisi olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131, olay\u0131n da bir i\u015f kazas\u0131 kabul edilemeyece\u011fi \u201ceser s\u00f6zle\u015fmesi\u201d kurumu yahut Yap\u0131 \u0130\u015flerinde \u0130\u015f\u00e7i Sa\u011fl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve \u0130\u015f G\u00fcvenli\u011fi T\u00fcz\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fcn 4. maddesindeki \u201cher i\u015fverenin yap\u0131 i\u015flerinde fenni yeterlili\u011fi bulunan ki\u015filerin teknik g\u00f6zetiminde ve sorumlulu\u011funda i\u015fi yapt\u0131rmas\u0131 gerekti\u011fi\u201d amir h\u00fckm\u00fc olsa bile25, bu kurumlar\u0131n ceza sorumlulu\u011fun ortaya \u00e7\u0131kmas\u0131n\u0131 sa\u011flayan temel manevi unsurlar \u201ckast\u201d ve \u201ctaksir\u201d ile ilgisinin kurulabilmesi gerekmektedir.<\/p>\n<p>Kanaatimiz, Bor\u00e7lar Kanunu, \u0130\u015f Sa\u011fl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve G\u00fcvenli\u011fi Kanunu veyahut di\u011fer i\u015f sa\u011fl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve g\u00fcvenli\u011fine ili\u015fkin mevzuat\u0131nda yer alan her genel y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcl\u00fck ihlali nedeniyle i\u015f sahibinin cezai bak\u0131mdan kusurlu oldu\u011funun kabul\u00fc, ceza hukuku ilkeleri bak\u0131m\u0131ndan ku\u015fkuyla bak\u0131lmas\u0131 gereken bir yakla\u015f\u0131md\u0131r. Bu konuda somut olayda, evinin yahut i\u015f yerinin \u00e7at\u0131s\u0131, elektirik yahut boyas\u0131 vs. gibi i\u015flerinin g\u00f6rd\u00fcr\u00fclmesi i\u00e7in bu konuda deneyim sahibi oldu\u011funu d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc ki\u015filerle anla\u015fan i\u015f sahiplerinin, i\u015f\u00e7iyle g\u00f6zetim, denetim, otorite alt\u0131nda bulundurma ili\u015fkisini kurup kurmad\u0131klar\u0131n\u0131n yan\u0131nda bir de bu ki\u015filerin cezai sorumluluklar\u0131 bak\u0131m\u0131ndan \u201c\u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fclebilirlik\u201d de\u011ferlendirilmesinin yap\u0131lmas\u0131 gerekti\u011fidir (26).<\/p>\n<p>Di\u011fer bir husus bu gibi olaylarda, Yarg\u0131tay taraf\u0131ndan haks\u0131zl\u0131k yan\u0131lg\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n (TCK m. 30\/4) dikkate al\u0131nmas\u0131 gerekti\u011fidir (27).<\/p>\n<p>Zira ki\u015fi i\u015fledi\u011fi fiilin hukuken kabul edilemez bir davran\u0131\u015f oldu\u011fu bilincinde de\u011filse, kusurlulu\u011fu etkilenir. Bu bilincin olup olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 hususunda da (ka\u00e7\u0131n\u0131lmazl\u0131k de\u011ferlendirmesi), ki\u015finin bilgi d\u00fczeyi, g\u00f6rd\u00fc\u011f\u00fc e\u011fitim, i\u00e7inde bulundu\u011fu sosyal ve k\u00fclt\u00fcrel \u00e7evre, mesle\u011fi, hayat deneyimleri vs. dikkate al\u0131nacakt\u0131r. (yasak normun varl\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan haberdar olmama\/hukuken izin verilen bir davran\u0131\u015f ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirdi\u011fini d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnme yahut haks\u0131zl\u0131k i\u00e7eri\u011fini bilebilecek durumda olup da bilememe) Dolay\u0131s\u0131yla bu t\u00fcr olaylarda Yarg\u0131tay\u2019\u0131n ceza hukuku a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fclebilirlik ve haks\u0131zl\u0131k yan\u0131lg\u0131s\u0131 ara\u015ft\u0131rmas\u0131 yapmas\u0131 gerekti\u011fi g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fcnde oldu\u011fumuzu s\u00f6ylemek m\u00fcmk\u00fcnd\u00fcr.<\/p>\n<p><strong>SONU\u00c7<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>\u0130\u015f kazalar\u0131ndan do\u011fan cezai sorumluluk, neticenin meydana gelmesinde kast ya da taksire dayanan kusuru bulunan ki\u015filerin a\u011f\u0131r yapt\u0131r\u0131mlarla kar\u015f\u0131la\u015fmas\u0131na sebebiyet verebilir. Zira her ne kadar \u201ckaza\u201d ibaresi terminolojiye yerle\u015fmi\u015f olsa da ceza hukukunda sorumluluk saf bir nedensellik ba\u011f\u0131 ile a\u00e7\u0131klanamaz.<\/p>\n<p>Bu konuda \u00f6zellikle uygulamada \u00f6nem arz eden husus, cezai sorumlulu\u011funun merkezinde sadece i\u015fverenin olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131d\u0131r. Zira her ne kadar s\u00f6zle\u015fme ile ceza sorumlulu\u011funun bertaraf edilmesi s\u00f6z konusu olmasa da, i\u015f\/g\u00f6rev bak\u0131m\u0131ndan sorumluluk alan\u0131n\u0131n belirlenmesi yahut bir i\u015f b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fcn yap\u0131larak \u00f6zel bir g\u00f6revlendirme yap\u0131lmas\u0131, somut olayda ceza sorumluluk alan\u0131 b\u00f6l\u00fcnebilmesine imkan sa\u011flayacakt\u0131r (28). Bu kapsamda i\u015fveren d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda i\u015fveren vekilinin (29) de somut olayda kusur durumu ara\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lacakt\u0131r. \u0130\u015fveren ve i\u015fveren vekili stat\u00fcs\u00fcn\u00fcn yan\u0131 s\u0131ra teknik elemanlar\u0131n, proje m\u00fcellifi, proje sorumlusu, \u015fantiye \u015fefi, fenni mesul (teknik uygulama sorumlusu), yap\u0131 denetim g\u00f6revlisi, i\u015f g\u00fcvenli\u011fi uzman\u0131, haz\u0131rl\u0131k koordinat\u00f6r\u00fc, uygulama koordinat\u00f6r\u00fc gibi s\u0131fatlar\u0131 haiz olan ki\u015filerin de g\u00f6rev, yetki ve sorumluluklar\u0131 tabi olduklar\u0131 yasa t\u00fcz\u00fck, y\u00f6netmeliklerde, yapt\u0131klar\u0131 s\u00f6zle\u015fmelerde a\u00e7\u0131klanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu stat\u00fclerde g\u00f6rev yapanlar\u0131n tabi olduklar\u0131 mevzuat h\u00fck\u00fcmlerini incelemeleri g\u00f6rev, yetki ve sorumluluklar\u0131 hakk\u0131nda bilin\u00e7li olmalar\u0131 \u00f6nerilmektedir (30). Zira cezai sorumlulu\u011fun temelini olu\u015fturacak olan kusur tespiti, yetki ve sorumluluklara g\u00f6re belirlenecektir.<\/p>\n<p>\u0130\u015f kazalar\u0131nda, nedensellik ba\u011f\u0131n\u0131n tespiti azami \u00f6nem arz etmektedir. Yarg\u0131tay kararlar\u0131 kapsam\u0131nda da de\u011findi\u011fimiz \u00fczere, nedensellik ba\u011f\u0131n\u0131n bulunmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 hallerde sorumluluk da s\u00f6z konusu olmaz. Bu nedenle, i\u015f\u00e7i yahut 3. ki\u015filerin atipik hareketleri nedensellik ba\u011f\u0131n\u0131 kesti\u011finde, i\u015fveren\/i\u015fveren vekilinin de sorumlulu\u011fundan s\u00f6z etmek m\u00fcmk\u00fcn de\u011fildir. Benzer \u015fekilde, \u00f6nlenemez risk yahut \u00fcstlenme kusurunun bulundu\u011fu hallerde de bu ki\u015filere kusur atfedilmesi m\u00fcmk\u00fcn olmayabilir. Ancak bunun i\u00e7in, al\u0131nmas\u0131 gereken t\u00fcm \u00f6nlemlerin al\u0131nm\u0131\u015f olmas\u0131 ve bu ki\u015filere tali nitelikte de olsa kusur atfedilmemi\u015f olmas\u0131na ba\u011fl\u0131d\u0131r.<\/p>\n<p>Bir di\u011fer husus, Yarg\u0131tay 12.CD.\u2019nin 2012\/21104 esas, 2013\/25712 karar ve 14.11.2013 tarihli karar\u0131nda oldu\u011fu gibi<br \/>\n06.04.2017 tarih, 2017\/172 esas ve 2017\/2866 karar say\u0131l\u0131 ilam\u0131nda da i\u015f kazalar\u0131nda olas\u0131 kast sorumlulu\u011funun g\u00fcndeme gelebilmesidir. Nitekim san\u0131klar\u0131n su ta\u015fk\u0131nlar\u0131n\u0131 \u00f6nlemek i\u00e7in yapt\u0131klar\u0131 bentleri projeye ve \u015fartnameye uygun yapmayarak olu\u015fan sel bask\u0131n\u0131nda bentlerin y\u0131k\u0131lmas\u0131 sonucunda be\u015f ki\u015finin \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcne ve \u00e7ok say\u0131da ki\u015finin yaralanmas\u0131na sebebiyet verdikleri s\u00f6z konusu olayda Yarg\u0131tay, \u201csan\u0131klar\u0131n dosya i\u00e7eri\u011fi ve t\u00fcm bilirki\u015fi raporlar\u0131ndaki belirlemelere g\u00f6re yukar\u0131da say\u0131lan olumsuzluklara ra\u011fmen muhtemel tehlikeli neticeleri g\u00f6ze almak ve hatta kabullenmek suretiyle yap\u0131lar\u0131 hatal\u0131 ve hileli olarak in\u015fa ettikleri, idarece \u015fartnameye uygun yap\u0131lmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 tespit edilen ta\u015fk\u0131n koruma duvarlar\u0131n\u0131n 2 kez y\u0131kt\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131na ra\u011fmen kullan\u0131lm\u0131\u015f k\u00f6t\u00fc malzemeyi \u00f6rtmek i\u00e7in bentlere beton s\u0131va yaparak idarenin denetimini engelledikleri, b\u00f6yle bir olayda \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fclmekle birlikte ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmeyece\u011fi d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fclen ve istenmeyen bir neticeden bahsedilmemekte, bunun da \u00f6tesine ge\u00e7ilerek ve bilin\u00e7li taksir unsurlar\u0131 a\u015f\u0131larak, bu \u015fekildeki imalat\u0131n projede \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fclen debiyi dahi a\u015fmayan b\u00f6yle bir ta\u015fk\u0131na sebep olabilece\u011fini \u00f6ng\u00f6rmelerine ra\u011fmen &#8220;olursa olsun&#8221; d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcncesi ile hareket ederek hatal\u0131 ve hileli in\u015fai faaliyetlerine devam ettikleri; ger\u00e7ekle\u015fen bu neticeden olas\u0131 kas\u0131tlar\u0131yla sorumlu tutulmalar\u0131 gerekti\u011fi ve olas\u0131 kastla adam \u00f6ld\u00fcrme su\u00e7unun unsurlar\u0131n\u0131n olu\u015ftu\u011fu&#8221; \u015feklindeki bozma gerek\u00e7esinin sonucu bak\u0131m\u0131ndan usul ve Kanuna uygun oldu\u011fundan, kararda de\u011fi\u015fiklik yap\u0131lmas\u0131na yer olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131na\u201d karar vermi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n<p>S\u00f6z konusu kararda Yarg\u0131tay, somut olay\u0131 de\u011ferlendirirken kanaatimizce olas\u0131 kast\u0131n \u201ckay\u0131ts\u0131zl\u0131k\u201d \u00f6zelli\u011fi ile bilin\u00e7li taksirin sonucun ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmemesi i\u00e7in \u201celden gelen \u00e7abay\u0131 g\u00f6sterme\u201d \u00f6zelliklerini kar\u015f\u0131la\u015ft\u0131rmak suretiyle bir sonuca varmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015fm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Zira manevi unsurun failin psi\u015fik durumu ve i\u00e7 motivine ait bir kavram oldu\u011fu ve fakat bunun belirlenmesinde d\u0131\u015f d\u00fcnyaya yans\u0131yan hareketlerin esas al\u0131nd\u0131\u011f\u0131 ceza hukukunda klasik ve temel bir bilgidir. Bu nedenle her ne kadar fail olu\u015fan neticeyi istemedi\u011fini ifade edebilirse de somut olaydaki davran\u0131\u015flar\u0131 \u201cbilme\u201d ve \u201cisteme\u201d unsurlar\u0131n\u0131 net olarak ortaya koyuyorsa taksirden de\u011fil, kasttan s\u00f6z etmek gerekecektir. Benzer \u015fekilde failin, bir kay\u0131ts\u0131zl\u0131k m\u0131 yoksa elden gelen \u00e7abay\u0131 g\u00f6sterme motivasyonunda olup olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 da olay\u0131n t\u00fcm \u00f6zelliklerinden \u00e7\u0131kar\u0131labilecek nitelikte bir sonu\u00e7tur. Bu anlamda \u00f6zellikle i\u015f kazalar\u0131nda al\u0131nmas\u0131 gereken tedbir yahut \u00f6nlemler bak\u0131m\u0131ndan sorumlu ki\u015fi\/ki\u015filerin neticenin ger\u00e7ekle\u015fmesini tesad\u00fcflere b\u0131rakm\u0131\u015f olmas\u0131 halinde olas\u0131 kast\u0131n varl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 kabul etmek gerekecektir. Bu anlamda Yarg\u0131tay\u2019\u0131n vermi\u015f oldu\u011fu nispeten yeni tarihli bu karar\u0131n\u0131n, i\u015f sa\u011fl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve g\u00fcvenli\u011fine ili\u015fkin tedbirlerin al\u0131nmas\u0131na katk\u0131da bulunacak nitelikte oldu\u011fu kanaatindeyiz.<br \/>\nSon olarak, i\u015f sahibinin y\u00fcklenici \u00fczerinde emir ve talimat verme, yap\u0131lan i\u015fleri do\u011frudan kontrol, denetim, g\u00f6zetim yetkisi bulunup bulunmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n tart\u0131\u015fmaya muhta\u00e7 oldu\u011fu hallerde Yarg\u0131tay\u2019\u0131n ceza hukuku a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fclebilirlik ve haks\u0131zl\u0131k yan\u0131lg\u0131s\u0131 ara\u015ft\u0131rmas\u0131 yapmas\u0131 gerekmektedir.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: right;\"><strong>I. ULUSLARARASI X. ULUSAL \u0130\u015e\u00c7\u0130 SA\u011eLI\u011eI VE \u0130\u015e G\u00dcVENL\u0130\u011e\u0130 KONGRES\u0130<\/strong><\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: right;\"><strong>\u00a023-26 EK\u0130M 2019\/ADANA<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>1 \u00d6zkan, Halid, \u0130\u015f Kazalar\u0131ndan Do\u011fan Ceza Sorumlulu\u011funda Kusur Tespiti, G\u00dcHFD, C. XX, Y. 2016, Sa. 1, s. 514.<br \/>\n2 \u00d6zkan, s. 514., Artuk, M. Emin, G\u00f6kcen, Ahmet, Ceza Hukuku Genel H\u00fck\u00fcmler, Adalet Yay\u0131nevi, 2017, s. 230.<br \/>\n3 D\u00f6nmezer, Sulhi, Erman Sahir, Nazari ve Tatbiki Ceza Hukuku Genel K\u0131s\u0131m Cilt: II, \u0130stanbul, 1986, s.286, Artuk\/G\u00f6kcen, 2017, s. 360 vd., 377, 511, \u00d6zbek, Veli, \u00d6zer, Merakl\u0131, Serkan, H\u0131rs\u0131zl\u0131k Su\u00e7unda Mal\u0131n De\u011ferinin Azl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n Tespiti ve Buna Ba\u011fl\u0131 Olarak Ortaya \u00c7\u0131kan Hukuk\u00ee Sorunlar, DE\u00dcHFD, Cilt: 19, Say\u0131: 1, 2017, s.7.<br \/>\nsyf. 35<br \/>\n4 Artuk\/G\u00f6kcen, s. 200.<br \/>\n5 \u00d6zkan, s. 524.<br \/>\n6 Yi\u011fit, Onur, Taksirli Bir Su\u00e7 T\u00fcr\u00fc Olarak Maden Kazalar\u0131, Ulusal Hakemli Uyu\u015fmazl\u0131k Mahkemesi Dergisi, Say\u0131: 4, Aral\u0131k, 2014,<br \/>\ns. 370.<br \/>\n7 \u00d6zkan, s. 523.<br \/>\n8 \u00d6zen, Mustafa, \u0130\u015f Kazalar\u0131nda Hukuki, Cezai ve \u0130dari Sorumluluk, Ankara Barosu Dergisi 2015\/2, s. 234.<br \/>\n9 \u0130\u00e7el, Kay\u0131han, Ceza Hukukunda Temel Kusurluluk \u015eekli \u201cKast\u201d, \u0130stanbul Ticaret \u00dcniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, Y\u0131l:6<br \/>\nSay\u0131:12 G\u00fcz 2007\/2, s .62, 64, 65, 66.<br \/>\n10 Yenerer, \u00c7akmut, \u00d6zlem, \u00c7akmut, Alp, Taksir Kavram\u0131, \u0130BD, C. 76, S. 2, Y. 2002, s. 424.<br \/>\nKast ve taksir kavramlar\u0131na ili\u015fkin a\u00e7\u0131klamalar i\u00e7in ayr\u0131ca bkz. Erem, Faruk, Dan\u0131\u015fman, Ahmet, Artuk, Mehmet Emin, Ceza Hukuku Genel H\u00fck\u00fcmler, Se\u00e7kin Yay\u0131nevi, Ankara 1997, s.443 vd., \u00d6nder, Ayhan, Ceza Hukuku Genel H\u00fck\u00fcmler II-III, Beta Yay\u0131nevi, \u0120stanbul 1992, s.308, \u00d6zgen\u00e7, \u0130zzet, Kast-Taksir Kombinasyonlar\u0131, Sel\u00e7uk \u00dcniversitesi Hukuk Fak\u00fcltesi Dergisi, Prof. Dr. S\u00fcleyman Arslan\u2019a Arma\u011fan, C. 6, S. 1-2, 1998, s. 345 vd., Artuk\/G\u00f6kcen, s. 317 vd., Ya\u015far, Yusuf, Diken, G\u00fcltekin, Nil M., syf. 36<br \/>\n11 Yarg. 12. C.D., 2016\/5281 E., 2018\/1141 K., 07.02.2018. (https:\/\/legalbank.net\/, E.T. 15.06.2019)<br \/>\nsyf. 37<br \/>\n12 Yarg. 12. C.D., 2012\/21104 E., 2013\/25712 K., 14.11.2013. (www.kazanci.com, E.T. 22.01.2019)<br \/>\n13 Yarg. 12. C.D., 2016\/6214 E., 2018\/2278 K., 28.2.2018., (www.kazanci.com, E.T. 22.01.2019).<br \/>\n14 Ayr\u0131nt\u0131l\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131klamalar i\u00e7in bkz. \u00dcnver,Yener, Ceza Hukukunda \u0130zin Verilen Risk, \u0130stanbul 1998.<br \/>\n15 \u00d6zkan, s. 543 vd., Ayr\u0131ca bkz. Yarg. 12.CD. 2013\/12792 E., 2014\/6385 K., 13.3.2014. (https:\/\/legalbank.net\/, E.T. 15.06.2019)<br \/>\n16 YCGK, 2017\/12-461 E., 2017\/549 K., 19.12.2017. (www.kazanci.com, E.T. 22.01.2019) syf. 38<br \/>\n17 \u00d6zkan, s. 550.<br \/>\n18 Benzer bir kararlar i\u00e7in bkz. \u201cOlay tarihinde mermer fabrikas\u0131nda, ustaba\u015f\u0131 olarak \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan ve tecr\u00fcbe sahibi olan \u00f6lenin vin\u00e7 ile mermer ta\u015f\u0131rken her seferinde bir tane ta\u015f\u0131mas\u0131 gerekti\u011fini bildi\u011fi halde, kapma aparat\u0131na birden fazla mermer plakas\u0131 takarak vin\u00e7le kald\u0131rmaya \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve bu i\u015flem s\u0131ras\u0131nda y\u00fckten uzak da durmayarak plakalar\u0131n \u00fcst\u00fcne devrilmesi sonucunda \u00f6ld\u00fc\u011f\u00fc olayda; san\u0131klar\u0131n i\u015f g\u00fcvenli\u011fi hususunda gerekli e\u011fitim ve g\u00f6zetim sorumlulu\u011funu yerine getirmemi\u015f olmalar\u0131ndan dolay\u0131 tali kusurlu olduklar\u0131, nitekim 28.11.2007 tarihli genel tefti\u015f raporunda da i\u015f\u00e7ilerin i\u015fg\u00fcvenli\u011fi hususunda yeterince e\u011fitilmemeleri hususunun ele\u015ftirildi\u011fi anla\u015f\u0131lmakla, dosya i\u00e7eri\u011fine ve olu\u015fa uygun bulunan bilirki\u015fi raporlar\u0131 ile \u00f6lenin asli, san\u0131klar\u0131n tali kusurlu olduklar\u0131 belirlenmi\u015f olmas\u0131na kar\u015f\u0131n, yetersiz gerek\u00e7elerle san\u0131klar\u0131n asli kusurlu olarak kabul\u00fc ile temel cezalar\u0131n tayini s\u0131ras\u0131nda haklar\u0131nda te\u015fdid uygulanm\u0131\u015f olmas\u0131\u2026\u201d Yarg. 12.CD., 2013\/23762 E., 2014\/20427 K., 21.10.2014., (www.kazanci.com, E.T. 22.01.2019) San\u0131\u011f\u0131n pazarlama, sat\u0131\u015f ve limana gelen gemilere mal\u0131n d\u00fczenli \u015fekilde y\u00fcklenmesini sa\u011flamadan sorumlu oldu\u011fu \u00c7etin in\u015faat Nakliyat San. ve Tic. Ltd. \u015eti&#8217;nde forklift operat\u00f6r\u00fc olarak \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan \u00f6len Himmet&#8217;in, su\u00e7 tarihinde saat 16.00-24.00 aras\u0131nda g\u00f6revli iken fazladan \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmaya kald\u0131\u011f\u0131, kanuni \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma s\u00fcresini ge\u00e7ecek \u015fekilde i\u015fyerinde bulundu\u011fu, yorgun d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcp uykusuz kald\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan saat 06.30 s\u0131ralar\u0131nda depo giri\u015finde bir \u00e7uval\u0131 \u00fczerine \u00f6rterek uyudu\u011fu, \u00e7imento getiren ve kulland\u0131\u011f\u0131 t\u0131r arac\u0131n\u0131 geri geri manevra yapt\u0131rarak depoya girmeye \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan inceleme d\u0131\u015f\u0131 di\u011fer san\u0131k Hakan&#8217;\u0131n kulland\u0131\u011f\u0131 ara\u00e7la ezilmesi sonucu kald\u0131r\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131 hastanede hayat\u0131n\u0131 kaybetti\u011fi olayda, \u015firket yetkilisi olan san\u0131\u011f\u0131n i\u015f\u00e7i olan \u00f6lene kanuni s\u00fcreyi ge\u00e7ecek \u015fekilde mesai yapt\u0131rmas\u0131, mesaiye kalan i\u015f\u00e7ilerin dinlenebilmeleri a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan uygun bir yer temin etmemesi, i\u015f sa\u011fl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve i\u015f g\u00fcvenli\u011fi \u00f6nlemlerine uyulup uyulmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 denetlememesi, ara\u00e7lar\u0131n gerekli \u00f6nlemler al\u0131nmak suretiyle depoya girmesi hususunda yeterli denetim ve g\u00f6zetim faaliyetlerinde bulunmamas\u0131 \u015feklindeki kusurlu eylemlerinin, \u00f6len Himmet ve t\u0131r \u015fof\u00f6r\u00fc Hakan&#8217;\u0131n dikkat ve \u00f6zen y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcne ayk\u0131r\u0131 hareketleriyle birle\u015fmesi sonucunda \u00f6l\u00fcm neticesinin meydana geldi\u011fi, \u00f6lenle hakk\u0131ndaki mahkumiyet h\u00fckm\u00fc kesinle\u015fen t\u0131r \u015fof\u00f6r\u00fc Hakan&#8217;\u0131n kusurlu davran\u0131\u015flar\u0131n\u0131n san\u0131\u011f\u0131n hareketiyle netice aras\u0131nda nedensellik ba\u011f\u0131n\u0131 kesmedi\u011fi gibi ad\u0131 ge\u00e7enlerin kusurlu hareketleriyle birlikte \u00f6l\u00fcm neticesinin meydana gelmesinde etkili oldu\u011fu anla\u015f\u0131ld\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan, taksirle \u00f6l\u00fcme neden olma su\u00e7unun sabit oldu\u011fu kabul edilmelidir.\u00bb YCGK, 2013\/12-38 E., 2014\/493 K., 18.11.2014. (www.kazanci.com, E.T. 22.01.2019)<br \/>\n19 Bkz. YCGK, 2013\/12-654 E., 2015\/75 K., 31.03.2015.<br \/>\n20 \u201cSu motorunun tamiri s\u0131ras\u0131nda meydana gelen i\u015f kazas\u0131 sebebiyle uzman i\u015f g\u00fcvenli\u011fi heyetinden rapor al\u0131n\u0131p sonucuna g\u00f6re san\u0131klar\u0131n kusurlar\u0131 bulunup bulunmad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n tespiti gerekirken polis memurundan al\u0131nan yetersiz bilirki\u015fi raporuna dayan\u0131larak yaz\u0131l\u0131 \u015fekilde h\u00fck\u00fcm kurulmas\u0131\u2026\u201d Yarg. 9. C.D., 2008\/16711 E., 2010\/7561 K., 23.06.2010., \u201colay\u0131n \u00f6zelliklerine g\u00f6re, bu olayda san\u0131klar\u0131n kusurunun bulunup bulunmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 hususunun i\u015f g\u00fcvenli\u011fi uzmanlar\u0131ndan olu\u015fan bir heyet taraf\u0131ndan belirlenmesi gerekti\u011fi g\u00f6zetilmeden, uzmanl\u0131\u011f\u0131 belli olmayan bilirki\u015finin yetersiz raporuna dayan\u0131larak eksik soru\u015fturma ile yaz\u0131l\u0131 \u015fekilde h\u00fck\u00fcm kurulmas\u0131\u2026\u201d Yarg. 9. C.D., 2004\/3086 E., 2004\/4809 K., 29.09.2004. (www.kazanci.com, E.T. 25.01.2019)<br \/>\n21 \u201c&#8230; Adi Ortakl\u0131\u011f\u0131na dair 08\/03\/2010 tarihli s\u00f6zle\u015fme kapsam\u0131 ile &#8220;Yetki ve Sorumluluklar&#8221; ba\u015fl\u0131kl\u0131 7. maddesine g\u00f6re &#8220;Adi Ortakl\u0131k<br \/>\nS\u00f6zle\u015fmesinin konusunu olu\u015fturan i\u015fle ilgili t\u00fcm yetki ve sorumluluklar &#8230; Ortak, &#8230; m\u00fchendislik g\u0131da maddeleri sanayi ve ticaret limited \u015firketi&#8217;ne aittir. \u0130\u015fin yap\u0131mc\u0131 firmas\u0131 yine \u00d6zel ortakt\u0131r.&#8221; \u015feklinde h\u00fck\u00fcm alt\u0131na al\u0131nd\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve &#8230; LTD. ile Metro LTD. \u015eirketleri aras\u0131nda imzalanan 08\/03\/2010 tarihli S\u00f6zle\u015fmenin &#8220;Yetki ve Sorumluluklar&#8221; ba\u015fl\u0131kl\u0131 7. Maddesinin kapsam\u0131n\u0131 ve taraflar\u0131n sorumluluklar\u0131n\u0131n ayr\u0131nt\u0131l\u0131 olarak belirlenmesine dair Protokol i\u00e7eri\u011fine g\u00f6re, &#8220;&#8230;Ortakl\u0131\u011f\u0131 kapsam\u0131nda t\u00fcm personelin i\u015f g\u00fcvenli\u011fine ve di\u011fer teknik i\u015flere ait e\u011fitimleri, denetlenmesi, koruyucu ekipmanlar\u0131n verilmesi, kullan\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131n sa\u011flanmas\u0131, in\u015faat alan\u0131nda mevzuat\u0131n ve i\u015fin niteli\u011finin gerektirdi\u011fi t\u00fcm g\u00fcvenlik tedbirlerinin al\u0131nmas\u0131, tedbirlerin uygulanmas\u0131n\u0131n takibi, denetimlerinin syf. 39<br \/>\n22 Yarg\u0131tay bir karar\u0131nda ;\u201c\u00d6\u2026.A.\u015e.\u2019nin Baraj \u015fantiyesine ait \u00f6lenin de i\u00e7inde bulundu\u011fu ekibin t\u00fcnel \u00e7\u0131k\u0131\u015f\u0131 trafosunu bo\u015fa almak<br \/>\n\u00fczere elektrik m\u00fchendisi olan AS taraf\u0131ndan g\u00f6revlendirildikleri, trafonun bo\u015fa al\u0131nmas\u0131 s\u0131ras\u0131nda al\u00e7ak gerilim hatt\u0131n\u0131n kesildi\u011fi, ancak trafonun 2.5 m \u00fcst\u00fcnde bulunan y\u00fcksek gerilimin kesilmemesi nedeniyle kazal\u0131n\u0131n elektrik \u00e7arpmas\u0131 sonucu \u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcne neden olunmas\u0131 \u015feklindeki olayda, \u015fantiye \u015fefi KD ve b\u00f6l\u00fcm sorumlusu elektrik m\u00fchendisi AS haklar\u0131nda 2011\/15 say\u0131l\u0131 iddianame ile dava a\u00e7\u0131lm\u0131\u015f oldu\u011fu, \u015firket y\u00f6netim kurulu \u00fcyelerine cezai sorumluluk y\u00fcklenemeyece\u011fi\u201dni belirtmi\u015ftir. Yarg. 12. CD., E. 2012\/16857, K.<br \/>\n2012\/11782, T. 10\/05\/2012.<br \/>\n23 Yarg. 12. C.D., 2016\/9576 E., 2018\/3640 K., 29.3.2018.<br \/>\n24 Eser s\u00f6zle\u015fmesinde, i\u015f sahibi, i\u015f kazas\u0131ndan sorumlu denemez \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc san\u0131k ve \u00f6len aras\u0131nda eser (in\u015faat) s\u00f6zle\u015fmesi yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015f olup, s\u00f6zle\u015fmede, i\u015f sahibinin y\u00fcklenici \u00fczerinde emir ve talimat verme, yap\u0131lan i\u015fleri do\u011frudan kontrol, denetim, g\u00f6zetim yetkisi bulunmad\u0131\u011f\u0131ndan, i\u015f kazas\u0131ndan dolay\u0131 &#8220;i\u015f sahibi&#8221; olarak san\u0131k sorumlu tutulamaz. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc &#8220;i\u015f sahibi&#8221; ayn\u0131 zamanda &#8220;i\u015fveren&#8221; de\u011fildir. Ba\u015fka bir anlat\u0131mla, taraflar aras\u0131ndaki s\u00f6zle\u015fmeye g\u00f6re &#8220;i\u015f sahibi&#8221; ile &#8220;y\u00fcklenici&#8221; aras\u0131nda &#8220;zaman ve ba\u011f\u0131ml\u0131l\u0131k&#8221; durumu, bir ba\u015fka deyi\u015fle &#8220;\u00fcst i\u015fveren alt i\u015fveren&#8221; ili\u015fkisi bulunmamaktad\u0131r. \u0130\u015f g\u00f6rme s\u00f6zle\u015fmelerinden eser s\u00f6zle\u015fmesi (yap\u0131m, onar\u0131m,<br \/>\nbak\u0131m, y\u00fck\u00fcmlenim ve in\u015faat s\u00f6zle\u015fmeleri) 6098 say\u0131l\u0131 T\u00fcrk Bor\u00e7lar Kanunu 470-486 maddelerinde yer alm\u0131\u015f olup, kural olarak i\u015f sahibi ile y\u00fcklenici aras\u0131nda &#8220;zaman ve ba\u011f\u0131ml\u0131l\u0131k&#8221; unsuru olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 gibi, y\u00fcklenici, i\u015f sahibinden tamam\u0131yla ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z olarak s\u00f6zle\u015fme gere\u011fi i\u015fin yap\u0131laca\u011f\u0131 yerde, kendisine ait ara\u00e7 ve gere\u00e7leri kullanarak, i\u015fe ald\u0131\u011f\u0131 yard\u0131mc\u0131lar\u0131n\u0131 (y\u00f6netici, m\u00fchendis, teknik eleman ve i\u015f\u00e7ilerini) \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131rarak, gerekti\u011finde i\u015fin bir b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fc &#8220;alt y\u00fckleniciye&#8221; vererek, s\u00f6zle\u015fmede kararla\u015ft\u0131r\u0131lan s\u00fcrede ve istenilen niteliklerde i\u015fi tamamlamakla y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcd\u00fcr. \u0130\u015f sahibi ile y\u00fcklenici aras\u0131nda &#8220;zaman ve ba\u011f\u0131ml\u0131l\u0131k, \u00fcst-alt i\u015fveren, as\u0131l i\u015fi yapan ta\u015feron&#8221; ili\u015fkisi olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 i\u00e7in, i\u015fin yap\u0131lmas\u0131 s\u0131ras\u0131nda y\u00fcklenicinin \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc ki\u015filere verdi\u011fi zararlardan veya personelinin \u00f6zl\u00fck haklar\u0131 (\u00fccret alacaklar\u0131, sigortal\u0131l\u0131k durumlar\u0131) ile i\u015f kazalar\u0131ndan dolay\u0131 i\u015f sahibi sorumlu tutulamaz. Ceza mahkemesine verilen bilirki\u015fi raporlar\u0131nda ve dairemizin bozma karar\u0131nda eser s\u00f6zle\u015fmesinin \u00f6zellikleri g\u00f6zard\u0131 edilmi\u015ftir. Bunun yan\u0131nda \u00e7at\u0131 tamirinden anlad\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131 ileri s\u00fcrerek buna benzer bir ka\u00e7 i\u015f yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 belirtilen \u00f6lene yan\u0131nda \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan i\u015f arkada\u015f\u0131 ve san\u0131k \u00e7at\u0131n\u0131n ya\u011f\u0131\u015f nedeniyle kaygan oldu\u011funu bu nedenle \u00e7at\u0131ya \u00e7\u0131kmamas\u0131n\u0131 tembih etmelerine kar\u015f\u0131n \u00f6len uyar\u0131lar\u0131 dikkate almam\u0131\u015f ve \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmaya devam etmi\u015ftir. \u0130\u015fverenin eser s\u00f6zle\u015fmesi yapt\u0131\u011f\u0131 ki\u015fiyi s\u00fcrekli kontrol\u00fc alt\u0131nda tutmas\u0131 m\u00fcmk\u00fcn olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 gibi eser s\u00f6zle\u015fmesinin do\u011fas\u0131 gere\u011fi buna gerek dahi g\u00f6rmeyebilir. \u00c7\u00fcnk\u00fc i\u015f i\u00e7in gerekli koruyucu malzemeleri sa\u011flamak ve gerekli g\u00fcvenlik \u00f6nlemlerini almak i\u015fi alan ki\u015finin sorumlulu\u011fundad\u0131r. \u0130\u015fverenin sorumlulu\u011fu i\u015f bitince \u00fccreti \u00f6deme y\u00f6n\u00fcndedir. Davada somut olay\u0131n \u00f6zelliklerine bakarak \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcme ula\u015f\u0131lmal\u0131d\u0131r. \u00c7al\u0131\u015fma ili\u015fkisinin istisna akdine dayanmas\u0131 halinde i\u015f sahibinin, i\u015f ve sosyal g\u00fcvenlik mevzuat\u0131ndan kaynaklanan i\u015f sa\u011fl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve g\u00fcvenli\u011fini sa\u011flama y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcl\u00fc\u011f\u00fc bulunmayaca\u011f\u0131 gibi meydana gelen \u00f6l\u00fcm olay\u0131 da i\u015f kazas\u0131 olarak adland\u0131r\u0131lamayacakt\u0131r. \u0130\u015f yerinin \u00e7at\u0131s\u0131n\u0131n tamiri \u015feklinde beliren somut \u00e7al\u0131\u015fma ili\u015fkisinde, belirli bir s\u00fcre \u00e7al\u0131\u015fman\u0131n de\u011fil, bir sonucun meydana getirilerek, ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z bir varl\u0131\u011f\u0131 de\u011fi\u015ftirmeye, i\u015flemeye veya bi\u00e7imlendirmeye y\u00f6nelik edimin ama\u00e7lanm\u0131\u015f olmas\u0131, hizmet akdinin yukar\u0131da tan\u0131mlanan ay\u0131rt edici ve belirleyici \u00f6zelliklerinin somut i\u015f g\u00f6rme ili\u015fkisinde bulunmamas\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda, meydana gelen \u00f6l\u00fcml\u00fc zararland\u0131r\u0131c\u0131 olay i\u015f kazas\u0131 olarak de\u011ferlendirilemez. Bu nedenle san\u0131\u011f\u0131n beraat\u0131na karar vermek gerekirken mahkumiyetine karar verilmesi; usul ve yasaya ayk\u0131r\u0131d\u0131r. Yarg. 12. C.D., 2016\/9576 E., 2018\/3640 K., 29.3.2018. (KAR\u015eI OY GEREK\u00c7ES\u0130)<br \/>\n25 \u201cSan\u0131\u011fa ait \u00fc\u00e7 katl\u0131 yap\u0131n\u0131n kal\u0131p ve demir i\u015f\u00e7ili\u011fini 05.08.2008 tarihli s\u00f6zle\u015fme ile otuz y\u0131ld\u0131r in\u015faatlarda \u00e7al\u0131\u015fan ve i\u015finde tecr\u00fcbeli olan in\u015faat ustas\u0131 \u00f6len &#8230;&#8217;un \u00fcstlendi\u011fi, \u00f6lenin al\u00fcminyum merdiven \u00fczerinde \u00e7al\u0131\u015ft\u0131\u011f\u0131 s\u0131rada, merdivenin kaymas\u0131 sonucu ikinci kattan d\u00fc\u015ft\u00fc\u011f\u00fc olayda; alt i\u015fveren (ta\u015feron) \u00f6len ile san\u0131k (as\u0131l i\u015fveren) aras\u0131nda yap\u0131lan s\u00f6zle\u015fme i\u00e7eri\u011finde, yap\u0131lacak i\u015fler ile \u00f6denecek \u00fccret d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda, i\u015f yerinde i\u015f emniyetinin sa\u011flanmas\u0131, talimat verme, gerekli i\u015f g\u00fcvenli\u011fi tedbirlerinin kimin alaca\u011f\u0131 hususlar\u0131na de\u011finilmedi\u011fi, i\u015f sahibi san\u0131\u011f\u0131n Yap\u0131 \u0130\u015flerinde \u0130\u015f\u00e7i Sa\u011fl\u0131\u011f\u0131 ve \u0130\u015f G\u00fcvenli\u011fi T\u00fcz\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fcn 4. maddesine g\u00f6re \u201cher i\u015fverenin yap\u0131 i\u015flerinde fenni yeterlili\u011fi bulunan ki\u015filerin teknik g\u00f6zetiminde ve sorumlulu\u011funda i\u015fi yapt\u0131rmas\u0131 gerekti\u011fi\u201d amir h\u00fckm\u00fc gere\u011fince, \u00f6len taraf\u0131ndan yap\u0131lan \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131 fenni yeterlili\u011fi bulunan yetkili ki\u015finin kontrol ve denetiminde yapt\u0131rmamas\u0131, s\u00f6zle\u015fmede i\u015f g\u00fcvenli\u011fi tedbirlerinin \u00f6len ki\u015fi taraf\u0131ndan al\u0131naca\u011f\u0131na dair bir maddeye de yer verilmemesi kar\u015f\u0131s\u0131nda; dosya i\u00e7erisinde yer alan ve san\u0131\u011fa kusur y\u00fckleyen 31.07.2014 tarihli heyet bilirki\u015fi raporu ile i\u015f g\u00fcvenli\u011fi uzman\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan al\u0131nan 05.09.2009 tarihli bilirki\u015fi raporu, dosya olu\u015f ve kapsam\u0131na uygun olup, san\u0131\u011f\u0131n mahkumiyeti yerine beraatine karar verilmesi..\u201d Yarg. 12. C.D., 2016\/1916 E., 2017\/6466 K., 19.09.2017.<br \/>\n26 Bu hususta 5237 s. Kanun\u2019un s\u00fcbjektif teoriyi benimsendi\u011fini s\u00f6ylemek m\u00fcmk\u00fcnd\u00fcr. Taksiri d\u00fczenleyen 22. maddenin gerek\u00e7esinde, bu husus; \u201cTaksirli su\u00e7larda, fail, kendi yetenekleri, alg\u0131lama g\u00fcc\u00fc, tecr\u00fcbeleri, bilgi d\u00fczeyi ve i\u00e7inde bulundu\u011fu ko\u015fullar alt\u0131nda, objektif olarak var olan dikkat ve \u00f6zen y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fc \u00f6ng\u00f6rebilecek ve yerine getirebilecek durumda olmal\u0131d\u0131r\u201d \u015feklinde ifade edilmi\u015ftir.<br \/>\n27 Ayr\u0131ca bkz. G\u00fcle\u00e7, Soyer, Sesim, T\u00fcrk Ceza Kanununda Haks\u0131zl\u0131k Yan\u0131lg\u0131s\u0131 (M. 30\/4), https:\/\/dergipark.org.tr\/tr\/download\/article- file\/754092, (E.T. 28.10.2019), \u00d6zgen\u00e7, \u0130zzet, T\u00fcrk Ceza Hukuku Genel H\u00fck\u00fcmler, Se\u00e7kin Yay\u0131nevi, Eyl\u00fcl, 2019, s. 485 vd.. syf. 41<br \/>\n28 \u00d6zkan, s. 547.<br \/>\n29 4857 S. \u0130\u015f Kanunu m.2\/f. 4,5: \u201c\u0130\u015fveren ad\u0131na hareket eden ve i\u015fin, i\u015fyerinin ve i\u015fletmenin y\u00f6netiminde g\u00f6rev alan kimselere i\u015fveren vekili denir. \u0130\u015fveren vekilinin bu s\u0131fatla i\u015f\u00e7ilere kar\u015f\u0131 i\u015flem ve y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcl\u00fcklerinden do\u011frudan i\u015fveren sorumludur.<br \/>\nBu Kanunda i\u015fveren i\u00e7in \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fclen her \u00e7e\u015fit sorumluluk ve zorunluluklar i\u015fveren vekilleri hakk\u0131nda da uygulan\u0131r. \u0130\u015fveren vekilli\u011fi s\u0131fat\u0131, i\u015f\u00e7ilere tan\u0131nan hak ve y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcl\u00fckleri ortadan kald\u0131rmaz.\u201d<br \/>\n30 M\u00fcngen, U\u011fur, \u0130n\u015faat \u0130\u015fverenlerinin ve Teknik Elemanlar\u0131n \u0130\u015f G\u00fcvenli\u011fi Konusundaki Sorumluluklar\u0131 ve Yapt\u0131r\u0131mlar, TMH &#8211; 469<br \/>\n&#8211; 2011\/5, s.17.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p><strong>Kaynak\u00e7a<\/strong><\/p>\n<p>[1]Artuk, M. Emin, G\u00f6kcen, Ahmet, Ceza Hukuku Genel H\u00fck\u00fcmler, Adalet Yay\u0131nevi, 2017.<br \/>\n[2]D\u00f6nmezer, Sulhi, Erman Sahir, Nazari ve Tatbiki Ceza Hukuku Genel K\u0131s\u0131m Cilt: II, \u0130stanbul, 1986<br \/>\n[3]Erem, Faruk, Dan\u0131\u015fman, Ahmet, Artuk, Mehmet Emin, Ceza Hukuku Genel H\u00fck\u00fcmler, Se\u00e7kin Yay\u0131nevi, Ankara 1997.<br \/>\n[4]\u0130\u00e7el, Kay\u0131han, Ceza Hukukunda Temel Kusurluluk \u015eekli \u201cKast\u201d, \u0130stanbul Ticaret \u00dcniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, Y\u0131l:6<br \/>\nSay\u0131:12 G\u00fcz 2007\/2.<br \/>\n[5]M\u00fcngen, U\u011fur, \u0130n\u015faat \u0130\u015fverenlerinin ve Teknik Elemanlar\u0131n \u0130\u015f G\u00fcvenli\u011fi Konusundaki Sorumluluklar\u0131 ve Yapt\u0131r\u0131mlar, TMH &#8211; 469<br \/>\n&#8211; 2011\/5.<br \/>\n[6]\u00d6zkan, Halid, \u0130\u015f Kazalar\u0131ndan Do\u011fan Ceza Sorumlulu\u011funda Kusur Tespiti, G\u00dcHFD, C. XX, Y. 2016, Sa. 1.<br \/>\n[7]\u00d6zbek, Veli, \u00d6zer, Merakl\u0131, Serkan, H\u0131rs\u0131zl\u0131k Su\u00e7unda Mal\u0131n De\u011ferinin Azl\u0131\u011f\u0131n\u0131n Tespiti ve Buna Ba\u011fl\u0131 Olarak Ortaya \u00c7\u0131kan<br \/>\nHukuk\u00ee Sorunlar, DE\u00dcHFD, Cilt: 19, Say\u0131: 1, 2017.<br \/>\n[8]\u00d6zen, Mustafa, \u0130\u015f Kazalar\u0131nda Hukuki, Cezai ve \u0130dari Sorumluluk, Ankara Barosu Dergisi 2015\/2.<br \/>\n[9]\u00d6nder, Ayhan, Ceza Hukuku Genel H\u00fck\u00fcmler II-III, Beta Yay\u0131nevi, \u0120stanbul 1992.<br \/>\n[10]\u00d6zgen\u00e7, \u0130zzet, Kast-Taksir Kombinasyonlar\u0131, Sel\u00e7uk \u00dcniversitesi Hukuk Fak\u00fcltesi Dergisi, Prof. Dr. S\u00fcleyman Arslan\u2019a<br \/>\nArma\u011fan, C. 6, S. 1-2, 1998.<br \/>\n[11]\u00d6zgen\u00e7, \u0130zzet, T\u00fcrk Ceza Hukuku Genel H\u00fck\u00fcmler, Se\u00e7kin Yay\u0131nevi, Eyl\u00fcl, 2019.<br \/>\n[12]G\u00fcle\u00e7, Soyer, Sesim, T\u00fcrk Ceza Kanununda Haks\u0131zl\u0131k Yan\u0131lg\u0131s\u0131 (M. 30\/4), https:\/\/dergipark.org.tr\/tr\/download\/article- file\/754092, (E.T. 28.10.2019).<br \/>\n[13]\u00dcnver,Yener, Ceza Hukukunda \u0130zin Verilen Risk, \u0130stanbul 1998.<br \/>\n[14]Ya\u015far, Yusuf, Diken, G\u00fcltekin, Nil M., Karar \u0130ncelemesi &#8211; Bilin\u00e7li Taksir ve Olas\u0131 Kast (Dolus Eventualis) Fark\u0131n\u0131n<br \/>\nDe\u011ferlendirilmesi, Social Sciences Research Journal, Volume 7, Issue 1, 97-113 (March 2018), s. 105 vd.<br \/>\n[15]Yenerer, \u00c7akmut, \u00d6zlem, \u00c7akmut, Alp, Taksir Kavram\u0131, \u0130BD, C. 76, S. 2, Y. 2002.<br \/>\n[16]Yi\u011fit, Onur, Taksirli Bir Su\u00e7 T\u00fcr\u00fc Olarak Maden Kazalar\u0131, Ulusal Hakemli Uyu\u015fmazl\u0131k Mahkemesi Dergisi, Say\u0131: 4, Aral\u0131k,<br \/>\n2014.<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>&nbsp;<\/p>\n<p>syf. 43<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>G\u00dcNCEL YARGITAY KARARLARI I\u015eI\u011eINDA \u0130\u015e KAZALARINDA CEZA\u0130 SORUMLULU\u011eUN KUSUR BOYUTU Dr. \u00d6\u011fr. \u00dcy. \u00d6zge AP\u0130\u015e<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":417,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":[],"categories":[62],"tags":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"http:\/\/www.istesaglikdergisi.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/624"}],"collection":[{"href":"http:\/\/www.istesaglikdergisi.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"http:\/\/www.istesaglikdergisi.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/www.istesaglikdergisi.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/www.istesaglikdergisi.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=624"}],"version-history":[{"count":3,"href":"http:\/\/www.istesaglikdergisi.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/624\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":647,"href":"http:\/\/www.istesaglikdergisi.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/624\/revisions\/647"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/www.istesaglikdergisi.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/417"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"http:\/\/www.istesaglikdergisi.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=624"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/www.istesaglikdergisi.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=624"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"http:\/\/www.istesaglikdergisi.com.tr\/index.php\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=624"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}